@article {1576196, title = {Phylogenomics of Tetraopes longhorn beetles unravels their evolutionary history and biogeographic origins}, volume = {14}, year = {2024}, month = {2024/03/27}, pages = {7285}, abstract = {Tetraopes longhorn beetles are known for their resistance to milkweed plant toxins and their coevolutionary dynamics with milkweed plants (Asclepias). This association is considered a textbook example of coevolution, in which each species of Tetraopes is specialized to feed on one or a few species of Asclepias. A major challenge to investigating coevolutionary hypotheses and conducting molecular ecology studies lies in the limited understanding of the evolutionary history and biogeographical patterns of Tetraopes. By integrating genomic, morphological, paleontological, and geographical data, we present a robust phylogeny of Tetraopes and their relatives, using three inference methods with varying subsets of data, encompassing 2{\textendash}12 thousand UCE loci. We elucidate the diversification patterns of Tetraopes species across major biogeographical regions and their colonization of the American continent. Our findings suggest that the genus originated in Central America approximately 21 million years ago during the Miocene and diversified from the Mid-Miocene to the Pleistocene. These events coincided with intense geological activity in Central America. Additionally, independent colonization events in North America occurred from the Late Miocene to the early Pleistocene, potentially contributing to the early diversification of the group. Our data suggest that a common ancestor of Tetraopini migrated into North America, likely facilitated by North Atlantic land bridges, while closely related tribes diverged in Asia and Europe during the Paleocene. Establishing a robust and densely sampled phylogeny of Tetraopes beetles provides a foundation for investigating micro- and macroevolutionary phenomena, including clinal variation, coevolution, and detoxification mechanisms in this ecologically important group.}, isbn = {2045-2322}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-57827-z}, author = {Guti{\'e}rrez-Trejo, Nayeli and Van Dam, Matthew H. and Lam, Athena W. and Mart{\'\i}nez-Herrera, Gonzalo and Noguera, Felipe A. and Weissling, Thomas and Ware, Jessica L. and Toledo-Hern{\'a}ndez, V{\'\i}ctor H. and Skillman Jr., Frederick W. and Farrell, Brian D. and P{\'e}rez-Flores, Oscar and Prendini, Lorenzo and Carpenter, James M.} } @article {1563966, title = {Once upon a fly: The biogeographical odyssey of Labrundinia (Chironomidae, Tanypodinae), an aquatic non-biting midge towards diversification}, journal = {Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution}, volume = {194}, year = {2024}, note = {Silva, Fabio Laurindo da
de Medeiros, Bruno A S
Farrell, Brian D
eng
2024/02/12
Mol Phylogenet Evol. 2024 Feb 9;194:108025. doi: 10.1016/j.ympev.2024.108025.}, month = {Feb 9}, pages = {108025}, publisher = {Elsevier Inc}, edition = {20240209}, address = {United States}, abstract = {Labrundinia is a highly recognizable lineage in the Pentaneurini tribe (Diptera, Chironomidae). The distinct predatory free-swimming larvae of this genus are typically present in unpolluted aquatic environments, such as small streams, ponds, lakes, and bays. They can be found on the bottom mud, clinging to rocks and wood, and dwelling among aquatic vegetation. Labrundinia has been extensively studied in ecological research and comprises 39 species, all but one of which has been described from regions outside the Palearctic. Earlier phylogenetic studies have suggested that the initial diversification of the genus likely occurred in the Neotropical Region, with its current presence in the Nearctic Region and southern South America being the result of subsequent dispersal events. Through the integration of molecular and morphological data in a calibrated phylogeny, we reveal a complex and nuanced evolutionary history for Labrundinia, providing insights into its biogeographical and diversification patterns. In this comprehensive study, we analyze a dataset containing 46 Labrundinia species, totaling 10,662 characters, consisting of 10,616 nucleotide sites and 46 morphological characters. The molecular data was generated mainly by anchored enrichment hybrid methods. Using this comprehensive dataset, we inferred the phylogeny of the group based on a total evidence matrix. Subsequently, we employed the generated tree for time calibration and further analysis of biogeography and diversification patterns. Our findings reveal multiple dispersal events out of the Neotropics, where the group originated in the late Cretaceous approximately 72 million years ago (69-78 Ma). We further reveal that the genus experienced an early burst of diversification rates during the Paleocene, which gradually decelerated towards the present-day. We also find that the Neotropics have played a pivotal role in the evolution of Labrundinia by serving as both a cradle and a museum. By "cradle," we mean that the region has been a hotspot for the origin and diversification of new Labrundinia lineages, while "museum" refers to the region{\textquoteright}s ability to preserve ancestral lineages over extended periods. In summary, our findings indicate that the Neotropics have been a key source of genetic diversity for Labrundinia, resulting in the development of distinctive adaptations and characteristics within the genus. This evidence highlights the crucial role that these regions have played in shaping the evolutionary trajectory of Labrundinia.}, keywords = {Anchored enrichment, Aquatic insects, biogeography, diversification, Tropical origin}, isbn = {1095-9513 (Electronic)
1055-7903 (Linking)}, author = {Laurindo da Silva, Fabio and de Medeiros, Bruno A. S. and Farrell, B. D.} } @article {1552121, title = {Discovery of snakeworm gnats in Alaska: a new species of Sciara Meigen (Diptera: Sciaridae) based on morphological, molecular, and citizen science data}, journal = {Integrative Systematics: Stuttgart Contributions to Natural History}, volume = {6}, year = {2023}, pages = {91-111, 21}, publisher = {BIOONE}, abstract = {A new species of\ Sciara\ Meigen, 1803,\ Sciara serpens\ Pereira, Heller \& Sutou,\ sp. n., is described based on morphological, molecular, and citizen science data. The new species forms larval masses moving in columns, referred to as {\textquotedblleft}snakeworms{\textquotedblright} or {\textquotedblleft}armyworms{\textquotedblright} in the literature, and is closely related to\ Sciara mirabilis\ (Bechstein, 1794).\ Sciara minorStrobl, 1898,\ restit. et stat. n.\ is revalidated based on morphological and molecular data.\ Sciara mirabilis\ is used for a European species previously referred to under its junior synonym\ Sciara militarisNowicki, 1868. An estimate of the mitochondrial phylogeny of representative\ Sciara\ species, a summary of snakeworm sightings in North America, and a brief review of hypotheses for why such larval mass-movement behavior occurs are provided.}, url = {https://doi.org/10.18476/2023.673937}, author = {Pereira, Thalles P. Lavinscky and Heller, Kai and Sutou, Mitsuaki and Sikes, Derek S.} } @article {1493871, title = {Evaluating species boundaries using coalescent delimitation in pine-killing Monochamus (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) sawyer beetles}, journal = {Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution}, volume = {184}, year = {2023}, note = {Gorring, Patrick S
Farrell, Brian D
eng
2023/03/30
Mol Phylogenet Evol. 2023 Mar 27:107777. doi: 10.1016/j.ympev.2023.107777.}, month = {Mar 27}, pages = {107777}, edition = {20230327}, abstract = {Plant-feeding beetle species are diverse and often individually highly variable. Accurate classifications can be difficult to establish yet are essential for study of evolutionary patterns and processes. Molecular data are key to further characterizing morphologically difficult groups and defining genus and species boundaries.

Monochamus Dejean species are ecologically and economically significant, and in coniferous forests they vector the nematode that causes Pine Wilt Disease. This study uses nuclear and mitochondrial genes to test the monophyly and relationships of Monochamus and applies coalescent methods to further delimit the conifer-feeding species.

Monochamus has also included approximately 120 Old World species associated with diverse angiosperm tree species. We sample from these additional morphologically diverse species to determine their placement in the Lamiini. Through supermatrix and coalescent methods, the higher-level relationships of Monochamus show that conifer-feeders are a monophyletic group that includes the type species and has split into Nearctic and Palearctic clades. Molecular dating indicates a single dispersal of conifer-feeders to North America over the second Bering Land Bridge circa 5.3 Ma. All other Monochamus sampled fall in different parts of the Lamiini tree. Small-bodied angiosperm-feeding Monochamus group with the monotypic genus Microgoes Casey. The African Monochamus subgenera sampled are distantly related to the conifer-feeding clade.

The multispecies coalescent delimitation methods BPP and STACEY delimit 17 conifer-feeding Monochamus species for a total of 18 species, and supports the retention of all current species. An interrogation with nuclear gene allele phasing reveals that unphased data can be unreliable for accurate delimitations and divergence times. The delimited species are discussed with integrative evidence, highlighting real-world challenges in recognizing the completion of speciation trajectories.}, keywords = {Lamiini, Pine Wilt, Holarctic, Mitonuclear Discordance, Species Delimitation, Allele Phasing}, isbn = {1095-9513 (Electronic)
1055-7903 (Linking)}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2023.107777}, author = {Gorring, Patrick S. and Farrell, Brian D.} } @article {1468921, title = {An allometric prior enhances acoustic niche partitioning signal}, journal = {J R Soc Interface}, volume = {19}, number = {197}, year = {2022}, note = {Memet, Edvin
Farrell, Brian
Mahadevan, L
eng
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t
Research Support, U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, Non-P.H.S.
England
2022/12/15
J R Soc Interface. 2022 Dec;19(197):20220421. doi: 10.1098/rsif.2022.0421. Epub 2022 Dec 14.}, month = {Dec}, pages = {20220421}, edition = {20221214}, abstract = {The acoustic niche hypothesis suggests that vocal signals of sympatric animal species are structured so as to minimize acoustic interference and facilitate communication. Accordingly, each species attempts to establish its own acoustic bandwidth so that intra-species signals are not masked. Detecting a non-random partitioning of the frequency spectrum among sympatric species could constitute evidence for the existence of acoustic avoidance behaviour. However, results from previous studies have been mixed or inconclusive, possibly as a consequence of overlooking the importance of physiological and ecological constraints. Here we introduce an improved test that incorporates prior information on body mass to account for the allometric correlation between mass (size) and vocalization frequency. By correcting for the bias induced by this correlation, the new test uncovers evidence of acoustic niche partitioning as a function of frequency in several tropical bird communities that would not be detected under a more standard test. Separately, we introduce a spatial version of the acoustic partitioning test which, in theory, could prove effective when data are collected from multiple sites located in close spatial proximity.}, keywords = {*Acoustics, *Vocalization, Animal, acoustic niche, animal communication, Animals, Birds, partitioning}, isbn = {1742-5662 (Electronic)
1742-5689 (Print)
1742-5662 (Linking)}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2022.0421}, author = {Memet, Edvin and Farrell, Brian D. and Mahadevan, L.} } @article {1465971, title = {History Does Not Repeat Itself; It Rhymes: Range Expansion and Outbreak of Plecia longiforceps (Diptera: Bibionidae) in East Asia}, journal = {J Integr Pest Manag}, volume = {13}, year = {2022}, month = {2022}, pages = {31}, abstract = {Plecia longiforceps Duda (Diptera: Bibionidae) is reported for the first time from Korea. P. longiforceps has been previously known from the East Asian subtropics, south of the 33rd parallel, including southeastern China, Taiwan, and the Ryukyu Islands of Japan. An integrative taxonomic approach based on morphological examination of male genitalia and molecular analysis of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene sequences confirms the species identification. The recent outbreak of P. longiforceps in the Seoul Metropolitan Area, Korea, documented herein represents the northernmost record of this species and suggests its possible range expansion into the temperate zone. Similar to the range expansion and outbreak history of Plecia nearctica Hardy (Diptera: Bibionidae) in North America around the Gulf of Mexico in the 1960{\textendash}1970s, P. longiforceps may become a new invasive pest in temperate East Asia. Here, we evaluate range expansion and invasion potential of P. longiforceps through Ensemble species distribution modeling and show that a great portion of Northeast Asia and Japan will likely become habitable for P. longiforceps in the next 50 years.}, isbn = {2155-7470}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1093/jipm/pmac026}, author = {Kim, Sangil and Jung, Seunghun and Choi, Jonghwan and Tsai, Cheng-Lung and Farrell, Brian D and Shin, Seunggwan} } @newspaperarticle {1444518, title = {{\textquoteleft}Insects outnumber all species on Earth {\textemdash} some beetle groups are as old as dinosaurs{\textquoteright}}, year = {2022}, month = {August 20, 2022}, chapter = {Times Evoke}, address = {New Delhi}, keywords = {Farrell, Brian D}, url = {https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/insects-outnumber-all-species-on-earth-some-beetle-groups-are-as-old-as-dinosaurs/articleshow/93667659.cms}, author = {Mitra Das, Srijana} } @article {1438245, title = {Sericulture as a sustainable agroindustry}, journal = {Cleaner and Circular Bioeconomy}, volume = {2}, year = {2022}, month = {2022/08/01/}, pages = {100011}, abstract = {The rich history of silk production (or sericulture) spans over five millennia. The sericulture industry supports jobs, economic development and health and begins with cultivation of mulberry trees with their manifold uses, including production of leaves as food for silkworms. Sericulture culminates in the production of high-quality silk thread as well as high-protein food for humans and animals. It depends, in turn, on one of the most versatile plants known, with additional benefits ranging from enhancing human health to soil conservation. Sericulture represents a rare end-to-end sustainable industry with minimal ecological impact when care is taken with supply chain management. Silk itself is a naturally versatile polymer, known as poly-fibroin, with the versatility of plastic and the advantage of biodegradability. With new developments in (bio)-harvesting technology, markets can now gain access to the single protein monomer, silk fibroin, solubilized in water, at large production scales. We can therefore envision a sustainable silk-derivatives industry that supports the replacement of petrochemicals with compounds derived from fibroin, in applications ranging from common everyday health and wellness products to advanced biopharmaceuticals and implants.}, keywords = {Fibroin, Mulberry, Sericulture, Silkworm, sustainability}, isbn = {2772-8013}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clcb.2022.100011}, author = {Altman, Gregory H. and Brian D. Farrell} } @article {1403182, title = {Mitochondrial genomes of the Dorcus velutinus complex (Coleoptera: Lucanidae) with the large intergenic spacer showing unique short sequence repeats and their implications for systematics}, journal = {Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology}, volume = {24}, number = {1}, year = {2021}, month = {2021/04/01}, pages = {493-501}, abstract = {Mitochondrial genomes of the three lucanid species in the Dorcus velutinus complex {\textendash} Dorcus velutinus Thomson, D. ursulus Arrow and D. tenuihirsutus Kim and Kim {\textendash} were assembled and analyzed through next generation sequencing. The mitogenome sequences were used to infer phylogenetic relationships among Dorcus species. Our analyses revealed that the newly sequenced mitogenomes are comparable in their size, content, and gene arrangement to other lucanid mitogenomes reported to date. However, we confirmed the presence of a large intergenic spacer (IGS) between trnS(UCN) and ND1 genes, whose length varied from 170\ bp (in D. tenuihirsutus) to 193\ bp (in D. ursulus and D. velutinus). Within this IGS region, a short sequence fragment (TACTAAATT) was found uniquely across the three species of Dorcus velutinus complex. Our phylogenetic analyses show that the D. velutinus complex constitutes a distinct clade with a significant divergence from other species of the genus Dorcus sensu stricto. Furthermore, we reaffirm the validity of D. tenuihirsutus {\textendash} a species originally described from Korea {\textendash} as a distinct species, though the taxonomic status of D. ursulus remains to be studied further. Finally, we find the presence and location of large IGSs to be useful for studying evolutionary history and species delimitation in stag beetles.}, keywords = {complex, Large intergenic spacer, Mitochondrial genomes, Phylogeny, Short sequence repeat}, isbn = {1226-8615}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aspen.2020.08.015}, author = {Chen, Yong-Jing and Sang Il Kim and Wan, Xia} } @article {insects12020111, title = {Genome Size Estimation of Callipogon relictus Semenov (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae), an Endangered Species and a Korea Natural Monument}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {12}, year = {2021}, abstract = {We estimated the genome size of a relict longhorn beetle, Callipogon relictus Semenov (Cerambycidae: Prioninae){\textemdash}the Korean natural monument no. 218 and a Class I endangered species{\textemdash}using a combination of flow cytometry and k-mer analysis. The two independent methods enabled accurate estimation of the genome size in Cerambycidae for the first time. The genome size of C. relictus was 1.8 {\textpm} 0.2 Gb, representing one of the largest cerambycid genomes studied to date. An accurate estimation of genome size of a critically endangered longhorned beetle is a major milestone in our understanding and characterization of the C. relictus genome. Ultimately, the findings provide useful insight into insect genomics and genome size evolution, particularly among beetles.}, issn = {2075-4450}, doi = {10.3390/insects12020111}, url = {https://doi.org/10.3390/insects12020111}, author = {Yu, Yun-Sang and Jin, Soyeong and Cho, Namjoon and Lim, Jongok and Kim, Cheol-Hak and Lee, Seung-Gyu and Sang Il Kim and Park, Jong-Seok and Kim, Keekwang and Park, Chungoo and Cho, Sung-Jin} } @article {1390648, title = {First phylogenetic analysis of Dryophthorinae (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) based on structural alignment of ribosomal DNA reveals Cenozoic diversification}, journal = {Ecology and Evolution}, volume = {11}, number = {n/a}, year = {2021}, abstract = {Abstract Dryophthorinae is an economically important, ecologically distinct, and ubiquitous monophyletic group of pantropical weevils with more than 1,200 species in 153 genera. This study provides the first comprehensive phylogeny of the group with the aim to provide insights into the process and timing of diversification of phytophagous insects, inform classification and facilitate predictions. The taxon sampling is the most extensive to date and includes representatives of all five dryophthorine tribes and all but one subtribe. The phylogeny is based on secondary structural alignment of 18S and 28S rRNA totaling 3,764 nucleotides analyzed under Bayesian and maximum likelihood inference. We used a fossil-calibrated relaxed clock model with two approaches, node-dating and fossilized birth-death models, to estimate divergence times for the subfamily. All tribes except the species-rich Rhynchophorini were found to be monophyletic, but higher support is required to ascertain the paraphyly of Rhynchophorini with more confidence. Nephius is closely related to Dryophthorini and Stromboscerini, and there is strong evidence for paraphyly of Sphenophorina. We find a large gap between the divergence of Dryophthorinae from their sister group Platypodinae in the Jurassic-Cretaceous boundary and the diversification of extant species in the Cenozoic, highlighting the role of coevolution with angiosperms in this group.}, isbn = {2045-7758}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.7131}, author = {Chamorro, Maria Lourdes and de Medeiros, Bruno A. S. and Brian D. Farrell} } @article {PMID:33299067, title = {Evaluating insect-host interactions as a driver of species divergence in palm flower weevils}, journal = {Communications Biology}, volume = {3}, year = {2020}, month = {December}, pages = {749}, abstract = {Plants and their specialized flower visitors provide valuable insights into the evolutionary consequences of species interactions. In particular, antagonistic interactions between insects and plants have often been invoked as a major driver of diversification. Here we use a tropical community of palms and their specialized insect flower visitors to test whether antagonisms lead to higher population divergence. Interactions between palms and the insects visiting their flowers range from brood pollination to florivory and commensalism, with the latter being species that feed on decaying{\textendash}and presumably undefended{\textendash}plant tissues. We test the role of insect-host interactions in the early stages of diversification of nine species of beetles sharing host plants and geographical ranges by first\ delimiting cryptic species and then using models of genetic isolation by environment. The degree to which insect populations are structured by the genetic divergence of plant populations varies. A hierarchical model reveals that this variation is largely uncorrelated with the kind of interaction, showing that antagonistic interactions are not associated with higher genetic differentiation. Other aspects of host use that affect plant-associated insects regardless of the outcomes of their interactions, such as sensory biases, are likely more general drivers of insect population divergence.}, issn = {2399-3642}, doi = {10.1038/s42003-020-01482-3}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1038/s42003-020-01482-3}, author = {de Medeiros, Bruno A. S. and Brian D. Farrell} } @article {1228383, title = {Studies in Aristolochia (Aristolochiaceae) of Hispaniola}, journal = {Phytotaxa}, volume = {420}, number = {1}, year = {2019}, pages = {1-20}, chapter = {1}, abstract = {A review of the literature at large and the field photographic record of the senior author of this study indicate that there are several undescribed species of Aristolochia in Hispaniola (Dominican Republic and Haiti), related to A. bilobata. Here we show that A. mirandae is a synonym of A. bilobata and that what appears as A. bilobata in Mari{\'o}n H. (2011: 76{\textendash}77) is a new species here described as Aristolochia adiastola. In addition, two new species, A. bonettiana and A. marioniana, also related to A. bilobata, are described and illustrated herein.}, keywords = {Aristolochia, Aristolochiaceae, hexandrous, West Indies, Magnoliids}, isbn = {1179-31631179-3155}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.420.1.1}, author = {Fern{\'a}ndez, Eladio and Ferreras, Irina and Brian D. Farrell and de Medeiros, Bruno A. S. and Romero-Gonz{\'a}lez, Gustavo A.} } @article {1219908, title = {A dataset of egg size and shape from more than 6,700 insect species}, journal = {Sci Data}, volume = {6}, number = {1}, year = {2019}, note = {Church, Samuel HDonoughe, Sethde Medeiros, Bruno A SExtavour, Cassandra GengDGE1745303/National Science Foundation (NSF)/InternationalResearch Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}tEnglandSci Data. 2019 Jul 3;6(1):104. doi: 10.1038/s41597-019-0049-y.}, month = {Jul 3}, pages = {104}, edition = {2019/07/05}, abstract = {Offspring size is a fundamental trait in disparate biological fields of study. This trait can be measured as the size of plant seeds, animal eggs, or live young, and it influences ecological interactions, organism fitness, maternal investment, and embryonic development. Although multiple evolutionary processes have been predicted to drive the evolution of offspring size, the phylogenetic distribution of this trait remains poorly understood, due to the difficulty of reliably collecting and comparing offspring size data from many species. Here we present a dataset of 10,449 morphological descriptions of insect eggs, with records for 6,706 unique insect species and representatives from every extant hexapod order. The dataset includes eggs whose volumes span more than eight orders of magnitude. We created this dataset by partially automating the extraction of egg traits from the primary literature. In the process, we overcame challenges associated with large-scale phenotyping by designing and employing custom bioinformatic solutions to common problems. We matched the taxa in this dataset to the currently accepted scientific names in taxonomic and genetic databases, which will facilitate the use of these data for testing pressing evolutionary hypotheses in offspring size evolution.}, isbn = {2052-4463 (Electronic)2052-4463 (Linking)}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-019-0049-y}, author = {Church, S. H. and Donoughe, S. and de Medeiros, Bruno A. S. and Extavour, C. G.} } @article {1215981, title = {Digitisation as a tool to promote transparency between collections: the case of the Baltic amber from the K{\"o}nigsberg collection at the Museum of Comparative Zoology}, journal = {Spanish Journal of Palaeontology}, volume = {34}, year = {2019}, pages = {145-151}, abstract = {A total of 383 Baltic amber samples, including 43 type specimens, held at the Museum of Comparative Zoology (MCZ), Harvard University, for near a century were found to belong to the classic amber collection from the Albertus-Universit{\"a}t of K{\"o}nigsberg. This discovery was greatly facilitated by the public availability online of digital images produced during a four-year project that digitised the over 30,000 samples from the MCZ{\textquoteright}s fossil insect collection. The amber samples were hand carried and reincorporated to the portion of the original K{\"o}nigsberg collection that was saved from World War II, held at the Geowissenschaftliches Museum from the Geowissenschaftliches Zentrum of the Georg-August-Universit{\"a}t, G{\"o}ttingen. This study showcases the importance of sharing collection data through public digitised records, and highlights the understanding of digitisation not only as a tool of education, public engagement, and research, but also of rediscovery, tracking, repatriation, and ultimately safeguard of the movable palaeontological heritage on a global scale.}, url = {https://ojs.uv.es/index.php/sjpalaeontology/article/view/15241}, author = {P{\'e}rez-de la Fuente, Ricardo and Gehler, Alexander and Farnum, Charles W. and Brian D. Farrell} } @article {1202064, title = {Insect egg size and shape evolve with ecology but not developmental rate}, journal = {Nature}, volume = {571}, number = {7763}, year = {2019}, note = {Church, Samuel HDonoughe, Sethde Medeiros, Bruno A SExtavour, Cassandra GengEnglandNature. 2019 Jul;571(7763):58-62. doi: 10.1038/s41586-019-1302-4. Epub 2019 Jul 3.}, month = {Jul}, pages = {58-62}, edition = {2019/07/05}, abstract = {Over the course of evolution, organism size has diversified markedly. Changes in size are thought to have occurred because of developmental, morphological and/or ecological pressures. To perform phylogenetic tests of the potential effects of these pressures, here we generated a dataset of more than ten thousand descriptions of insect eggs, and combined these with genetic and life-history datasets. We show that, across eight orders of magnitude of variation in egg volume, the relationship between size and shape itself evolves, such that previously predicted global patterns of scaling do not adequately explain the diversity in egg shapes. We show that egg size is not correlated with developmental rate and that, for many insects, egg size is not correlated with adult body size. Instead, we find that the evolution of parasitoidism and aquatic oviposition help to explain the diversification in the size and shape of insect eggs. Our study suggests that where eggs are laid, rather than universal allometric constants, underlies the evolution of insect egg size and shape.}, isbn = {1476-4687 (Electronic)0028-0836 (Linking)}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-019-1302-4}, author = {Church, S. H. and Donoughe, S. and de Medeiros, Bruno A. S. and Extavour, C. G.} } @article {1162986, title = {The first species of Cotithene Voss (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Curculioninae) from Amazonian Brazil, with notes on its role as a pollinator of Evodianthus funifer (Poit.) Lindm. (Cyclanthaceae)}, journal = {Zootaxa}, volume = {4576}, number = {3}, year = {2019}, pages = {461}, isbn = {1175-53341175-5326}, author = {Valente, Roberta M. and Da Silva, Paulo A. L. and de Medeiros, Bruno A. S.} } @article {1160460, title = {Flower visitors of the licuri palm (Syagrus coronata): brood pollinators coexist with a diverse community of antagonists and mutualists}, journal = {Biological Journal of the Linnean Society}, year = {2019}, isbn = {0024-40661095-8312}, author = {de Medeiros, Bruno A. S. and N{\'u}{\~n}ez-Avellaneda, Luis A. and Hernandez, Alyssa M. and Brian D. Farrell} } @article {1437231, title = {Exploring the Microwilderness of Boston Harbor Islands National Recreation Area: Terrestrial Invertebrate All Taxa Biodiversity Inventory}, journal = {Northeastern Naturalist}, volume = {25}, number = {sp9}, year = {2018}, pages = {23-44}, chapter = {23}, isbn = {1092-61941938-5307}, author = {Rykken, Jessica J. and Brian D. Farrell} } @article {1437230, title = {Six-Legged Colonists: The Establishment and Distribution of Non-Native Beetles in Boston Harbor Islands NRA}, journal = {Northeastern Naturalist}, volume = {25}, number = {sp9}, year = {2018}, pages = {1-22}, publisher = {Humboldt Field Research Institute}, address = {STEUBEN}, abstract = {Boston Harbor Islands National Recreation Area lies in a busy, urban harbor that has been receiving immigrants, both vertebrate and invertebrate, since the 17th century. As part of an All Taxa Biodiversity Inventory conducted in the park from 2005 to 2011, we documented the abundance and distribution of native and non-native beetles across 15 islands and peninsulas in Boston Harbor. We hypothesized that proportions of non-native species on the islands would be high relative to the nearby mainland (Rhode Island) and other more isolated coastal islands in Massachusetts. We also compared distribution patterns between native and non-native species and tested the predictive value of island size and isolation for determining species richness on individual islands. Focusing on 6 beetle families, we documented 105 non-native beetles out of a total of 442 species. The proportion of non-native species was 2{\^a}€“3 times higher in Boston Harbor Islands than in Rhode Island for all 6 beetle families, as well as for beetles on several Massachusetts islands. We discuss likely routes of immigration for beetles over the past several centuries and why islands in Boston Harbor may be attractive to non-native species. Within the park, non-native species in most focal families were, on average, more abundant and widespread across islands than native beetles, but the number or proportion of non-native species was not strongly related to island size or isolation. The high proportions of non-native species in the park, including some known pests and several new state, US, and North American records, emphasize the need for continued inventory and surveillance.}, keywords = {Biodiversity \& Conservation, Ecology, Environmental Sciences \& Ecology, Life Sciences \& Biomedicine, RESEARCH ARTICLES, Science \& Technology}, isbn = {1092-6194}, author = {Rykken, Jessica J. and Brian D. Farrell} } @article {1133035, title = {Morphological and Molecular Perspectives on the Phylogeny, Evolution, and Classification of Weevils (Coleoptera: Curculionoidea): Proceedings from the 2016 International Weevil Meeting}, journal = {Diversity}, volume = {10}, number = {3}, year = {2018}, pages = {64}, isbn = {1424-2818}, author = {McKenna, Duane D. and Clarke, Dave and Anderson, Robert and Astrin, Jonas and Brown, Samuel and Chamorro, Lourdes and Davis, Steven and de Medeiros, Bruno A. S. and del Rio, M. and Haran, Julien and Kuschel, Guillermo and Franz, Nico and Jordal, Bjarte H. and Lanteri, Anal{\'\i}a A. and Leschen, Richard A. B. and Letsch, Harald and Lyal, Chris and Marvaldi, Adriana E. and Mermudes, Jose and Oberprieler, Rolf G. and Sch{\"u}tte, Andr{\'e} and Sequeira, Andrea S. and Shin, Seunggwan and Van Dam, Matthew and Zhang, Guanyang} } @article {1132739, title = {Whole-genome amplification in double-digest RADseq results in adequate libraries but fewer sequenced loci}, journal = {PeerJP}, year = {2018}, pages = {e5089}, abstract = {Whole-genome amplification by multiple displacement amplification (MDA) is a promising technique to enable the use of samples with only limited amount of DNA for the construction of RAD-seq libraries. Previous work has shown that, when the amount of DNA used in the MDA reaction is large, double-digest RAD-seq (ddRAD) libraries prepared with amplified genomic DNA result in data that are indistinguishable from libraries prepared directly from genomic DNA. Based on this observation, here we evaluate the quality of ddRAD libraries prepared from MDA-amplified genomic DNA when the amount of input genomic DNA and the coverage obtained for samples is variable. By simultaneously preparing libraries for five species of weevils (Coleoptera, Curculionidae), we also evaluate the likelihood that potential contaminants will be encountered in the assembled dataset. Overall, our results indicate that MDA may not be able to rescue all samples with small amounts of DNA, but it does produce ddRAD libraries adequate for studies of phylogeography and population genetics even when conditions are not optimal. We find that MDA makes it harder to predict the number of loci that will be obtained for a given sequencing effort, with some samples behaving like traditional libraries and others yielding fewer loci than expected. This seems to be caused both by stochastic and deterministic effects during amplification. Further, the reduction in loci is stronger in libraries with lower amounts of template DNA for the MDA reaction. Even though a few samples exhibit substantial levels of contamination in raw reads, the effect is very small in the final dataset, suggesting that filters imposed during dataset assembly are important in removing contamination. Importantly, samples with strong signs of contamination and biases in heterozygosity were also those with fewer loci shared in the final dataset, suggesting that stringent filtering of samples with significant amounts of missing data is important when assembling data derived from MDA-amplified genomic DNA. Overall, we find that the combination of MDA and ddRAD results in high-quality datasets for population genetics as long as the sequence data is properly filtered during assembly.}, isbn = {2167-8359}, url = {https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.5089}, author = {de Medeiros, Bruno A. S. and Brian D. Farrell} } @article {1126024, title = {West meets East: How do rainforest beetles become circum-Pacific? Evolutionary origin of Callipogon relictus and allied species (Cerambycidae: Prioninae) in the New and Old Worlds}, journal = {Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution}, volume = {125}, year = {2018}, month = {Mar 7}, pages = {163-176}, abstract = {The longhorn beetle genus Callipogon Audinet-Serville represents a small group of large wood-boring beetles whose distribution pattern exhibits a unique trans-Pacific disjunction between the East Asian temperate rainforest and the tropical rainforest of the Neotropics. To understand the biogeographic history underlying this circum-Pacific disjunct distribution, we reconstructed a molecular phylogeny of the subfamily Prioninae with extensive sampling of Callipogon using multilocus sequence data of 99 prionine and four parandrine samples (ingroups), together with two distant outgroup species. Our sampling of Callipogon includes 18 of the 24 currently accepted species, with complete representation of all species in our focal subgenera. Our phylogenetic analyses confirmed the purported affinity between the Palearctic Callipogon relictus and its Neotropical congeners. Furthermore, based on molecular dating under the fossilized birth-death (FBD) model with comprehensive fossil records and probabilistic ancestral range reconstructions, we estimated the crown group Callipogon to have originated in the Paleocene circa 60 million years ago (Ma) across the Neotropics and Eastern Palearctics. The divergence between the Palearctic C. relictus and its Neotropical congeners is explained as the result of a vicariance event following the demise of boreotropical forest across Beringia at the Eocene-Oligocene boundary. As C. relictus represents the unique relictual species that evidentiates the lineage{\textquoteright}s expansive ancient distribution, we evaluated its conservation importance through species distribution modelling. Though we estimated a range expansion for C. relictus by 2050, we emphasize a careful implementation of conservation programs towards the protection of primary forest across its current habitats, as the species remains highly vulnerable to habitat disturbance.}, keywords = {beringia, Biogeographic disjunction, Conservation, Distribution modelling, Relict, vicariance}, isbn = {1095-9513 (Electronic)1055-7903 (Linking)}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2018.02.019}, author = {Sang Il Kim and de Medeiros, Bruno A. S. and Byun, Bong-Kyu and Lee, Seunghwan and Kang, Jung-Hoon and Lee, Bongwoo and Brian D. Farrell} } @article {1118220, title = {Evolution of Trichobaris (Curculionidae) in relation to host plants: Geometric morphometrics, phylogeny and phylogeography}, journal = {Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution}, volume = {124}, year = {2018}, pages = {37-49}, abstract = {The family Curculionidae (Coleoptera), the {\textquotedblleft}true{\textquotedblright} weevils, have diversified tightly linked to the evolution of flowering plants. Here, we aim to assess diversification at a lower taxonomic level. We analyze the evolution of the genus Trichobaris in association with their host plants. Trichobaris comprises eight to thirteen species; their larvae feed inside the fruits of Datura spp. or inside the stem of wild and cultivated species of Solanaceae, such as potato, tobacco and tomato. We ask the following questions: (1) does the rostrum of Trichobaris species evolve according to the plant tissue used to oviposit, i.e., shorter rostrum to dig in stems and longer to dig in fruits? and (2) does Trichobaris diversify mainly in relation to the use of Datura species? For the first question, we estimated the phylogeny of Trichobaris based on four gene sequences (nuclear 18S and 28S rRNA genes and mitochondrial 16S rRNA and COI genes). Then, we carried out morphogeometric analyses of the Trichobaris species using 75 landmarks. For the second question, we calibrated a COI haplotype phylogeny using a constant rate of divergence to infer the diversification time of Trichobaris species, and we traced the host plant species on the haplotype network. We performed an ancestral state reconstruction analysis to infer recent colonization events and conserved associations with host plant species. We found that ancestral species in the Trichobaris phylogeny use the stem of Solanum plants for oviposition and display weak sexual dimorphism of rostrum size, whereas other, more recent species of Trichobaris display sexual dimorphism in rostrum size and use the fruits of Datura species, and a possible reversion to use the stem of Solanaceae was detected in one Trichobaris species. The use of Datura species by Trichobaris species is widely distributed on haplotype networks and restricted to Trichobaris species that originated ca. 5 {\textpm} 1.5 Ma. Given that the origin of Trichobaris is estimated to be ca. 6 {\textpm} 1.5 Ma, it is likely that Datura has played a role in its diversification.}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2018.02.018}, author = {De-la-Mora, Marisol and Pi{\~n}ero, Daniel and Oyama, Ken and Brian D. Farrell and Magall{\'o}n, Susan and N{\'u}{\~n}ez-Farf{\'a}n, Juan} } @article {1114998, title = {Phylogenomic Data Yield New and Robust Insights into the Phylogeny and Evolution of Weevils}, journal = {Molecular Biology and Evolution}, volume = {35}, year = {2018}, note = {10.1093/molbev/msx324}, month = {2017/12/26}, pages = {823-836}, abstract = {The phylogeny and evolution of weevils (the beetle superfamily Curculionoidea) has been extensively studied, but many relationships, especially in the large family Curculionidae (true weevils; \> 50,000 species), remain uncertain. We used phylogenomic methods to obtain DNA sequences from 522 protein-coding genes for representatives of all families of weevils and all subfamilies of Curculionidae. Most of our phylogenomic results had strong statistical support, and the inferred relationships were generally congruent with those reported in previous studies, but with some interesting exceptions. Notably, the backbone relationships of the weevil phylogeny were consistently strongly supported, and the former Nemonychidae (pine flower snout beetles) were polyphyletic, with the subfamily Cimberidinae (here elevated to Cimberididae) placed as sister group of all other weevils. The clade comprising the sister families Brentidae (straight-snouted weevils) and Curculionidae was maximally supported and the composition of both families was firmly established. The contributions of substitution modeling, codon usage and/or mutational bias to differences between trees reconstructed from amino acid and nucleotide sequences were explored. A reconstructed timetree for weevils is consistent with a Mesozoic radiation of gymnosperm-associated taxa to form most extant families and diversification of Curculionidae alongside flowering plants{\textemdash}first monocots, then other groups{\textemdash}beginning in the Cretaceous.}, isbn = {0737-4038}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msx324}, author = {Shin, Seunggwan and Clarke, Dave and Alan R. Lemmon and Emily Moriarty Lemmon and Aitken, Alexander L and Haddad, Stephanie and Brian D. Farrell and Marvaldi, Adriana E. and Oberprieler, Rolf G. and McKenna, Duane D.} } @article {1118230, title = {Non-biting midges (Diptera: Chironomidae) research in South America: subsidizing biogeographic hypotheses}, journal = {Annales de Limnologie - International Journal of Limnology}, volume = {53}, year = {2017}, pages = {111-128}, abstract = {We present data on Chironomidae (Insecta: Diptera) collected in South America together with results on the mitochondrial DNA diversity within selected megadiverse genera. This work is part of an on-going project on the ancient origin of South American biodiversity using non-biting midges. Collections were made at 42 localities, in March 2014 and February 2015, in a diverse array of habitats, including small streams, rivers, ponds, lakes and bays. In total, 3196 representatives of six subfamilies were collected. Sixty-one genera were identified, containing at least 211 species. The subfamilies Chironominae and Orthocladiinae predominated in all samples. Tanypodinae were often present, but rarely in large numbers. Except for Podonomus pepinellii, reported from Brazil, Podonominae were collected in a few localities in Argentina (Arroyo Lopez, and Arroyo Gutierrez and Gutierrez Lake) and Chile (Llanquihue Lake). Prodiamesinae were only recorded in Chile. Analysis of DNA barcode sequences using neighbor-joining estimation supported 66 species within the selected genera. The chironomid fauna of South America includes multiple genera with worldwide distributions, with Australian, Nearctic and Neotropical components.}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1051/limn/2016039 }, author = {Laurindo da Silva, Fabio and Brian D. Farrell} } @article {DEMEDEIROS201774, title = {Streetlights attract a broad array of beetle species}, journal = {Revista Brasileira de Entomologia}, volume = {61}, year = {2017}, pages = {74 - 79}, abstract = {Light pollution on ecosystems is a growing concern, and knowledge about the effects of outdoor lighting on organisms is crucial to understand and mitigate impacts. Here we build up on a previous study to characterize the diversity of all beetles attracted to different commonly used streetlight set ups. We find that lights attract beetles from a broad taxonomic and ecological spectrum. Lights that attract a large number of insect individuals draw an equally high number of insect species. While there is some evidence for heterogeneity in the preference of beetle species to different kinds of light, all species are more attracted to some light radiating ultraviolet. The functional basis of this heterogeneity, however, is not clear. Our results highlight that control of ultraviolet radiation in public lighting is important to reduce the number and diversity of insects attracted to lights.}, keywords = {coleoptera, Insects, light pollution, Lighting, Ultraviolet}, issn = {0085-5626}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rbe.2016.11.004}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rbe.2016.11.004}, author = {de Medeiros, Bruno A. S. and Barghini, Alessandro and Vanin, Sergio Antonio} } @article {Haddad2017, title = {Anchored hybrid enrichment provides new insights into the phylogeny and evolution of longhorned beetles (Cerambycidae)}, journal = {Systematic Entomology}, year = {2017}, abstract = {Cerambycidae is a species-rich family of mostly wood-feeding (xylophagous) beetles containing nearly 35,000 known species. The higher-level phylogeny of Cerambycidae has never been robustly reconstructed using molecular phylogenetic data or a comprehensive sample of higher taxa, and its internal relationships and evolutionary history remain the subjects of ongoing debate. We reconstructed the higher-level phylogeny of Cerambycidae using phylogenomic data from 522 single copy nuclear genes, generated via anchored hybrid enrichment. Our taxon sample included exemplars of all families and 23/30 subfamilies of Chrysomeloidea, with a focus on the large family Cerambycidae. Our results reveal a monophyletic Cerambycidae sensu stricto in all but one analysis, and a polyphyletic Cerambycidae sensu lato. When monophyletic, Cerambycidae sensu stricto was sister to the family Disteniidae. Relationships among the subfamilies of Cerambycidae sensu stricto were also recovered with strong statistical support except for Cerambycinae being made paraphyletic by Dorcasomus (Dorcasominae) in the nucleotide (but not amino acid) trees. Most other chrysomeloid families represented by more than one terminal taxon {\textendash} Chrysomelidae, Disteniidae, Vesperidae, and Orsodacnidae {\textendash} were monophyletic, but Megalopodidae was rendered paraphyletic by Cheloderus (Oxypeltidae). Our study corroborates some relationships within Chrysomeloidea that were previously inferred from morphological data, while also reporting several novel relationships. The present work thus provides a robust framework for future, more deeply taxon-sampled, phylogenetic and evolutionary studies of the families and subfamilies of Cerambycidae sensu lato and other Chrysomeloidea.}, issn = {03076970}, doi = {10.1111/syen.12257}, url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/syen.12257}, author = {Haddad, Stephanie and Shin, Seunggwan and Alan R. Lemmon and Emily Moriarty Lemmon and Svacha, Petr and Brian D. Farrell and {\'S}lipinski, Adam and Windsor, Donald and McKenna, Duane D.} } @article {Peris2017, title = {False Blister Beetles and the Expansion of Gymnosperm-Insect Pollination Modes before Angiosperm Dominance}, journal = {Current Biology}, volume = {27}, year = {2017}, pages = {897{\textendash}904}, issn = {09609822}, doi = {10.1016/j.cub.2017.02.009}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2017.02.009}, author = {Peris, David and P{\'e}rez-de la Fuente, Ricardo and Pe{\~n}alver, Enrique and Delcl{\`o}s, Xavier and Barr{\'o}n, Eduardo and Labandeira, Conrad C.} } @article {Perez-delaFuente2016, title = {A defensive behavior and plant-insect interaction in Early Cretaceous amber - The case of the immature lacewing Hallucinochrysa diogenesi}, journal = {Arthropod Structure and Development}, volume = {45}, year = {2016}, pages = {133{\textendash}139}, abstract = {

Amber holds special paleobiological significance due to its ability to preserve direct evidence of biotic interactions and animal behaviors for millions of years. Here we review the finding of Hallucinochrysa diogenesi P{\'e}rez-de la Fuente, Delcl{\`o}s, Pe{\~n}alver and Engel, 2012, a morphologically atypical larva related to modern green lacewings (Insecta: Neuroptera) that was described in Early Cretaceous amber from the El Soplao outcrop (northern Spain). The fossil larva is preserved with a dense cloud of fern trichomes that corresponds to the trash packet the insect gathered and carried on its back for camouflaging and shielding, similar to that which is done by its extant relatives. This finding supports the prominent role of wildfires in the paleoecosystem and provides direct evidence of both an ancient planteinsect interaction and an early acquisition of a defensive behavior in an insect lineage. Overall, the fossil of H. diogenesi showcases the potential that the amber record offers to reconstruct not only the morphology of fossil arthropods but, more remarkably, their lifestyles and ecological relationships.

}, keywords = {Fossil, Insect, Larva, Neuroptera, reconstruction}, issn = {18735495}, doi = {10.1016/j.asd.2015.08.002}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.asd.2015.08.002}, author = {P{\'e}rez-de la Fuente, Ricardo and Delcl{\`o}s, Xavier and Pe{\~n}alver, Enrique and Engel, Michael S.} } @article {Farrell2016, title = {The Biology of Consciousness}, journal = {ReVista : Harvard Review of Latin America.}, volume = {16}, year = {2016}, pages = {26{\textendash}29}, publisher = {David Rockefeller Center for Latin American Studies, Harvard University}, issn = {1541-1443}, url = {http://revista.drclas.harvard.edu/book/biology-consciousness-william-james-richard-schultes-0}, author = {Brian D. Farrell} } @article {Farrell2016a, title = {The Biology of Culture}, journal = {ReVista : Harvard Review of Latin America}, volume = {16}, year = {2016}, pages = {2}, publisher = {David Rockefeller Center for Latin American Studies, Harvard University}, issn = {1541-1443}, url = {http://revista.drclas.harvard.edu/book/first-take-biology-culture-0}, author = {Brian D. Farrell} } @article {Wiedenbrug2016, title = {Diplosmittia caribensis, a new Orthocladiinae (Diptera: Chironomidae) from the Dominican Republic}, journal = {Zootaxa}, volume = {4103}, year = {2016}, pages = {71{\textendash}74}, abstract = {

The genus Diplosmittia was erected by S{\ae}ther (1981) based on Diplosmittia harrisoni from St. Lucia and St. Vincent in the British West Indies. Prior to the present study the genus comprised nine species, all except D. carinata S{\ae}ther were known only from Neotropical Region (Ashe \& O{\textquoteright}Connor, 2012). During sampling in the surroundings of a highly organic polluted river, in the National Botanical Garden in Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic, the present second author collected several imagines of Diplosmittia that did not fit any taxon treated in the recent review of the genus (Pinho et al. 2009). In the present paper, the male of this new species is described and illustrated. Alcohol-preserved specimens were dissected and slide mounted in Euparal. Morphological terminology and abbreviations follow S{\ae}ther (1980) and Epler (1988). Measurement are taken according to Epler (1988). The holotype is deposited in the entomological collection of the Museum of Comparative Zoology (MCZ), Harvard University, USA and paratypes are deposited in the Museo Nacional de Historia Natural (MNHN), Dominican Republic and Zoologische Staatssammlung München (ZSM), Germany.

}, issn = {1175-5334}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4103.1.8}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4103.1.8}, author = {Wiedenbrug, Sofia and Laurindo da Silva, Fabio} } @article {760571, title = {Music and Nature: From Humpbacks to Harvard}, journal = {ReVista : Harvard Review of Latin America}, volume = {15}, year = {2016}, pages = {2-4}, author = {Brian D. Farrell} } @article {Penalver2015, title = {Long-Proboscid Flies as Pollinators of Cretaceous Gymnosperms}, journal = {Current Biology}, volume = {25}, year = {2015}, pages = {1917{\textendash}1923}, abstract = {

The great evolutionary success of angiosperms has traditionally been explained, in part, by the partnership of these plants with insect pollinators [1-6]. The main approach to understanding the origins of this pervasive relationship has been study of the pollinators of living cycads, gnetaleans, and basal angiosperms [7]. Among the most morphologically specialized living pollinators are diverse, long-proboscid flies. Early such flies include the brachyceran family Zhangsolvidae, previously known only as compression fossils from the Early Cretaceous of China and Brazil. It belongs to the infraorder Stratiomyomorpha, a group that includes the flower-visiting families Xylomyidae and Stratiomyidae. New zhangsolvid specimens in amber from Spain (ca. 105 mega-annum [Ma]) and Myanmar (100 Ma) reveal a detailed proboscis structure adapted to nectivory. Pollen clumped on a specimen from Spain is Exesipollenites, attributed to a Mesozoic gymnosperm, most likely the Bennettitales. Late Mesozoic scorpionflies with a long proboscis have been proposed as specialized pollinators of various extinct gymnosperms, but pollen has never been observed on or in their bodies [8]. The new discovery is a very rare co-occurrence of pollen with its insect vector and provides substantiating evidence that other long-proboscid Mesozoic insects were gymnosperm pollinators. Evidence is thus now gathering that visitors and probable pollinators of early anthophytes, or seed plants, involved some insects with highly specialized morphological adaptations, which has consequences for interpreting the reproductive modes of Mesozoic gymnosperms and the significance of insect pollination in angiosperm success.

}, issn = {09609822}, doi = {10.1016/j.cub.2015.05.062}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2015.05.062}, author = {Pe{\~n}alver, Enrique and Arillo, Antonio and P{\'e}rez-de la Fuente, Ricardo and Riccio, Mark L. and Delcl{\`o}s, Xavier and Barr{\'o}n, Eduardo and Grimaldi, David A.} } @article {LaurindodaSilva2015a, title = {Chironomidae types in the reference collection of the Laboratory of Ecology of Aquatic Insects, S{\~a}o Carlos, Brazil}, journal = {CHIRONOMUS Journal of Chironomidae Research}, number = {28}, year = {2015}, pages = {20{\textendash}29}, abstract = {

The Chironomidae (Insecta: Diptera) type collection at the Laboratory of Ecology of Aquatic Insects (LEIA - UFSCar) is reviewed. It comprises 103 primary types, as well as 95 paratypes, mostly resulting from research by S. Trivinho-Strixino and G. Strixino. Notes updating the taxonomic status are provided for some species.

}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.5324/cjcr.v0i28.1926}, author = {Laurindo da Silva, Fabio and Trivinho-strixino, Susana and Silva Neubern de Oliveira, Caroline} } @article {LaurindodaSilva2015, title = {A Preliminary Survey of the Non-biting Midges (Diptera: Chironomidae) of the Dominican Republic}, journal = {CHIRONOMUS Journal of Chironomidae Research}, number = {28}, year = {2015}, pages = {12{\textendash}19}, abstract = {

Chironomidae (Diptera) are among the most diverse and widespread aquatic insects, with roughly 5,500 described species. However, prior to the present work, no species of Chironomidae had been documented from the island of Hispaniola. Collections of non-biting midges, with emphasis on the lotic fauna, were made in the Dominican Republic during July of 2015. In total, 578 specimens belonging to 27 genera and at least 44 species within the subfamilies Chironominae (20 taxa), Orthocladiinae (16 taxa) and Tanypodinae (8 taxa) were found. The subfamilies Chironominae and Orthocladiinae predominated. Polypedilum was the most widespread and diverse genus of Chironominae. Metriocnemus were collected in bromeliad tanks. The chironomid fauna in Dominican Republic includes multiple genera with worldwide distributions, including Holarctic and Neotropical components.

}, issn = {2387-5372, 0172-1941}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.5324/cjcr.v0i28.1925}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.5324/cjcr.v0i28.1925}, author = {Laurindo da Silva, Fabio and Wiedenbrug, Sofia and Brian D. Farrell} } @article {691051, title = {The beetle tree of life reveals that Coleoptera survived end-Permian mass extinction to diversify during the Cretaceous terrestrial revolution}, journal = {Systematic Entomology}, volume = {40}, year = {2015}, pages = {835-880}, abstract = {

Here we present a phylogeny of beetles (Insecta: Coleoptera) based on DNA sequence data from eight nuclear genes, including six single-copy nuclear protein-coding genes, for 367 species representing 172 of 183 extant families. Our results refine existing knowledge of relationships among major groups of bee- tles. Strepsiptera was confirmed as sister to Coleoptera and each of the suborders of Coleoptera was recovered as monophyletic. Interrelationships among the subor- ders, namely Polyphaga (Adephaga (Archostemata, Myxophaga)), in our study differ from previous studies. Adephaga comprised two clades corresponding to Hydrade- phaga and Geadephaga. The series and superfamilies of Polyphaga were mostly monophyletic. The traditional Cucujoidea were recovered in three distantly related clades. Lymexyloidea was recovered within Tenebrionoidea. Several of the series and superfamilies of Polyphaga received moderate to maximal clade support in most analyses, for example Buprestoidea, Chrysomeloidea, Coccinelloidea, Cucujiformia, Curculionoidea, Dascilloidea, Elateroidea, Histeroidea and Hydrophiloidea. However, 836 D. D. McKenna et al.
many of the relationships within Polyphaga lacked compatible resolution under maximum-likelihood and Bayesian inference, and/or lacked consistently strong nodal support. Overall, we recovered slightly younger estimated divergence times than pre- vious studies for most groups of beetles. The ordinal split between Coleoptera and Strepsiptera was estimated to have occurred in the Early Permian. Crown Coleoptera appeared in the Late Permian, and only one or two lineages survived the end-Permian mass extinction, with stem group representatives of all four suborders appearing by the end of the Triassic. The basal split in Polyphaga was estimated to have occurred in the Triassic, with the stem groups of most series and superfamilies originating during the Triassic or Jurassic. Most extant families of beetles were estimated to have Creta- ceous origins. Overall, Coleoptera experienced an increase in diversification rate com- pared to the rest of Neuropteroidea. Furthermore, 10 family-level clades, all in suborder Polyphaga, were identified as having experienced significant increases in diversification rate.These include most beetle species with phytophagous habits, but also several groups not typically or primarily associated with plants. Most of these groups originated in the Cretaceous, which is also when a majority of the most species-rich beetle families first appeared. An additional 12 clades showed evidence for significant decreases in diversi- fication rate. These clades are species-poor in theModern fauna, but collectively exhibit diverse trophic habits. The apparent success of beetles, as measured by species numbers, may result from their associations with widespread and diverse substrates {\textendash} especially plants, but also including fungi, wood and leaf litter {\textendash} but what facilitated these associ- ations in the first place or has allowed these associations to flourish likely varies within and between lineages.Our results provide a uniquelywell-resolved temporal and phylo- genetic framework for studying patterns of innovation and diversification in Coleoptera, and a foundation for further sampling and resolution of the beetle tree of life.

}, isbn = {03076970}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/syen.12132}, author = {McKenna, Duane D. and Wild, Alexander L. and Kanda, Kojun and Bellamy, Charles L. and Beutel, Rolf G. and Caterino, Michael S. and Farnum, Charles W. and Hawks, David C. and Ivie, Michael A. and Jameson, Mary Liz and Leschen, Richard A. B. and Marvaldi, Adriana E. and McHugh, Joseph V. and Newton, Alfred F. and Robertson, James A. and Thayer, Margaret K. and Whiting, Michael F. and Lawrence, John F. and {\'S}lipinski, Adam and Maddison, David R. and Brian D. Farrell} } @article {641616, title = {Phylogeny of world stag beetles (Coleoptera: Lucanidae) reveals a Gondwanan origin of Darwin{\textquoteright}s stag beetle}, journal = {Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution}, volume = {86}, year = {2015}, pages = {35-48}, abstract = {

Stag beetles (family Lucanidae Latreille, 1804) are one of the earliest branching lineages of scarab beetles that are characterized by the striking development of the male mandibles. Despite stag beetles{\textquoteright} popularity among traditional taxonomists and amateur collectors, there has been almost no study of lucanid relationships and evolution. Entomologists, including Jeannel (1942), have long recognized resemblance between the austral stag beetles of the tribes Chiasognathini, Colophonini, Lamprimini, Pholidotini, Rhyssonotini, and Streptocerini, but this hypothesis of their close relationship across the continents has never been tested. To gain further insight into lucanid phylogeny and biogeography, we reconstructed the first molecular phylogeny of world stag beetles using DNA sequences from mitochondrial 16S rDNA, nuclear 18S and 28S rDNA, and the nuclear protein-coding (NPC) gene\ wingless\ for 93 lucanid species representing all extant subfamilies and 24 out of the 27 tribes, together with 14 representative samples of other early branching scarabaeoid families and two staphyliniform beetle families as outgroups. Both Bayesian inference (BI) and maximum likelihood inference (MLI) strongly supported the monophyly of Lucanidae\ sensu lato\ that includes Diphyllostomatidae. Within Lucanidae\ sensu stricto, the subfamilies Lucaninae and Lampriminae appeared monophyletic under both methods of phylogenetic inferences; however, Aesalinae and Syndesinae were found to be polyphyletic. A time-calibrated phylogeny based on five fossil data estimated the origin of crown group Lucanidae as circa 160 million years ago (MYA). Divergence between the Neotropical and Australasian groups of the Chiasognathini was estimated to be circa 47\ MYA, with the South African Colophonini branching off from the ancient Chiasognathini lineage around 87\ MYA. Another Gondwanan relationship was recovered between the Australasian\ Eucarteria\ and the Neotropical\ Casignetus, which diverged circa 58\ MYA. Lastly, as Jeannel{\textquoteright}s hypothesis predicted, divergence within Lampriminae between the Australasian\ Lamprima\ and the Neotropical\ Streptocerus\ was estimated to be circa 37\ MYA. The split of these lineages were generally concordant with the pattern of continental break-up of the super-continent Gondwana, and our biogeographic reconstructions based on the dispersal-extinction-cladogenesis model (DEC) corroborate our view that the divergences in these austral lineages were caused by vicariance events following the Gondwanan break-up. In addition, the phylogenetic position and geographic origin of the Hawaiian genus\ Apterocyclus\ was revealed for the first time. Overall, our results provide the framework toward studying lucanid relationships and divergence time estimates, which allowed for more accurate biogeographic explanations and discussions on ancestral lucanids and the evolutionary origin of the enlarged male mandibles.

}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2015.02.015}, author = {Sang Il Kim and Brian D. Farrell} } @governmentreport {591296, title = {Developing a pollinator monitoring program for Boston Harbor Islands National Recreation Area: A pilot study}, year = {2015}, url = {https://irma.nps.gov/App/Reference/Profile/2221699}, author = {Rykken, Jessica J. and Brian D. Farrell} } @article {590901, title = {Large-scale molecular phylogeny of metallic wood-boring beetles (Coleoptera: Buprestoidea) provides new insights into relationships and reveals multiple evolutionary origins of the larval leaf-mining habit}, journal = {Systematic Entomology}, volume = {40}, number = {2}, year = {2015}, month = {Apr}, pages = {385-400}, abstract = {

The family Buprestidae (jewel beetles or metallic wood-boring beetles), contains nearly 15000 species in 522 genera. Together with the small family Schizopodidae (seven species, three genera), they form the superfamily Buprestoidea. Adult Buprestoidea feed on flowers or foliage, whereas larvae are mostly internal feeders, boring in roots or stems, or mining the leaves of woody or herbaceous plants. The subfamilial and tribal classification of Buprestoidea remains unsettled, with substantially different schemes proposed by different workers based on morphology. Here we report the first large-scale molecular phylogenetic study of the superfamily Buprestoidea based on data from four genes for 141 ingroup species. We used these data to reconstruct higher-level relationships and to assess the current classification and the origins of the larval leaf-mining habit within Buprestoidea. In our analyses, the monophyly of Buprestoidea was strongly supported, as was the monophyly of Schizopodidae and its placement sister to Buprestidae. Our results are largely consistent with the generally accepted major lineages of buprestoids, including clearly-defined agrilines, buprestines-chrysochroines and early-branching julodines-polycestines. In addition to Schizopodidae, three of the six subfamilies were monophyletic in our study: Agrilinae, Julodinae and the monogeneric Galbellinae (Galbella). Polycestinae was monophyletic with the exception of the enigmatic Haplostethini. Chrysochroinae and Buprestinae were not monophyletic, but were recovered together in a large mixed clade along with Galbella. The interrelationships of Chrysochroinae and Buprestinae were not well resolved; however they were clearly polyphyletic, with chrysochroine genera falling into several different well-supported clades otherwise comprising buprestine genera. All Agrilinae were contained in a single strongly supported clade. Coraebini were dispersed throughout Agrilinae, with strong nodal support for several clades representing subtribes. Neither Agrilini nor Tracheini were monophyletic. The leaf-mining genus Paratrachys (Paratracheini) was recovered within the Acmaeoderioid clade, consistent with the current classification, and confirming the independent origins of leaf-mining within Polycestinae and Agrilinae. Additionally, our results strongly suggest that the leaf-mining agriline tribe Tracheini is polyphyletic, as are several of its constituent subtribes. External root feeding was likely the ancestral larval feeding habit in Buprestoidea. The apparent evolutionary transitions to internal feeding allowed access to a variety of additional plant tissues, including leaves. Interestingly, the several genera of leaf-mining agrilines do not form a monophyletic group. Many of these genera are diverse and highly specialized, possibly indicating adaptive radiations.

}, keywords = {australian buprestidae, genus, host-plant use, Insects, nov coleoptera, revision, sawflies hymenoptera, south-africa, Speciation, species coleoptera}, isbn = {0307-6970}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/syen.12108}, author = {Evans, Amanda M. and McKenna, Duane D. and Bellamy, Charles L. and Brian D. Farrell} } @article {590896, title = {Phylogeny and evolution of Staphyliniformia and Scarabaeiformia: forest litter as a stepping stone for diversification of nonphytophagous beetles}, journal = {Systematic Entomology}, volume = {40}, number = {1}, year = {2015}, month = {Jan}, pages = {35-60}, abstract = {

The beetle series Staphyliniformia exhibits extraordinary taxonomic, ecological and morphological diversity. To gain further insight into staphyliniform relationships and evolution, we reconstructed the phylogeny of Staphyliniformia using DNA sequences from nuclear 28S rDNA and the nuclear protein-coding gene CAD for 282 species representing all living families and most subfamilies, a representative sample of Scarabaeiformia serving as a near outgroup, and three additional beetles as more distant outgroups. Under both Bayesian inference (BI) and maximum likelihood inference (MLI), the major taxa within Staphyliniformia are each monophyletic: (i) Staphylinoidea, (ii) Hydrophiloidea s.l., and the contained superfamilies (iii) Hydrophiloidea s.s. and (iv) Histeroidea, although Staphylinoidea and Hydrophiloidea s.l. are not strongly supported by MLI bootstrap. Scarabaeiformia is monophyletic under both methods of phylogenetic inference. However, the relative relationships of Staphylinoidea, Hydrophiloidea s.l. and Scarabaeiformia differ between BI and MLI: under BI, Staphyliniformia and Scarabaeiformia were sister groups; under MLI, Hydrophiloidea s.l. and Scarabaeiformia were sister groups and these together were sister to Staphylinoidea. The internal relationships in Scarabaeiformia were similar under both methods of phylogenetic inference, with Cetoniinae, Dynastinae+Rutelinae, Hybosoridae, Passalidae, Scarabaeidae and Scarabaeinae recovered as monophyla. Histeridae comprised two major clades: (1) Abraeinae, Trypanaeine and Trypeticinae; and (2) Chlamydopsinae, Dendrophilinae, Haeteriinae, Histerinae, Onthophilinae, Saprininae and Tribalinae. The relationships among early-divergent Hydrophiloidea differed between BI and MLI, and overall were unresolved or received only moderate to low nodal support. The staphylinoid families Agyrtidae, Hydraenidae and Ptiliidae were recovered as monophyletic; the latter two were sister taxa, and Staphylinidae+Silphidae was also monophyletic. Silphidae was placed within Staphylinidae in close relation to a subset of Tachyporinae. Pselaphinae and Scydmaeninae were both recovered within Staphylinidae, in accordance with recent analyses of morphological characters, although not always with recently proposed sister taxa. None of the four major groups of Staphylinidae proposed by Lawrence and Newton (1982) was recovered as monophyletic. Certain highly specialized staphyliniform habits and morphologies, such as abdominal defensive glands and reduced elytra, have arisen in parallel in separate lineages. Further, our analyses support two major transitions to an aquatic lifestyle within Staphyliniformia: once within Staphylinoidea (Hydraenidae), and once within Hydrophiloidea s.l. (Hydrophiloidea s.s.). On a smaller scale, the most common transition is from litter to subcortical or to periaquatic microhabitats and the next most common is from litter to carrion and to fungi. Overall, transitions to periaquatic microhabitats were the most numerous. The broad picture in Staphyliniformia seems to be a high level of evolutionary plasticity, with multiple possible pathways to and from many microhabitat associations, and litter as a major source microhabitat for diversification. In Scarabaeiformia, the most common transitions were from litter to foliage, with flowers to litter, litter to flowers, and litter to dung being next, and then litter to roots, logs or carrion. Litter is again the largest overall source microhabitat. The most common transitions were to foliage and flowers.It thus seems that the litter environment presents ecological and evolutionary opportunities/challenges that facilitate entry of Staphyliniformia and Scarabaeiformia into new{\textquoteright} and different ecological adaptive zones.

}, keywords = {coleoptera-staphylinidae, defensive gland, hydrophiloidea coleoptera, molecular phylogeny, morphological characters, rdna sequences, rove beetles, scarabaeoidea coleoptera, tachyporine group, water scavenger beetles}, isbn = {0307-6970}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/syen.12093}, author = {McKenna, Duane D. and Brian D. Farrell and Caterino, Michael S. and Farnum, Charles W. and Hawks, David C. and Maddison, David R. and Seago, A. E. and Short, A. E. Z. and Newton, Alfred F. and Thayer, Margaret K.} } @article {590906, title = {Curculio Curculis lupus: biology, behavior and morphology of immatures of the cannibal weevil Anchylorhynchus eriospathae G. G. Bondar, 1943}, journal = {Peerj}, volume = {2}, year = {2014}, month = {Jul 31}, abstract = {

Weevils are one of the largest groups of living organisms, with more than 60,000 species feeding mostly on plants. With only one exception, their described larvae are typical plant-feeders, with mouthparts adapted to chewing plant material. Here we describe the second case of a weevil with early-instar larvae adapted to killing conspecifics. We have studied the life history of Anchylorhynchus eriospathae G. G. Bondar, 1943 (Curculioninae: Derelomini sensu Caldara, Franz \& Oberprieler (2014)), a species whose immatures feed internally on palm flowers and fruits. We provide detailed descriptions of all immature stages, including the extremely modified first-instar larva. Unlike other weevils and later instars, this stage exhibits a flat body with very long ventropedal lobe setae, a large and prognathous head with a gula, and falciform mandibles, each with a serrate retinaculum, that are used to fight with and eventually kill other first-instar larvae. We also provide biological notes on all stages and the results of behavioral tests that showed that larval aggression occurs only among early life stages. Finally we show that adult size is highly dependent on timing of oviposition. This specialized killer first instar probably evolved independently from the one other case known in weevils, in Revena rubiginosa (Conoderinae: Bariditae sensu Prena, Colonnelli \& Hespenheide (2014)). Interestingly, both lineages inhabit the same hosts, raising the possibility that both intra-and inter-specific competition shaped those phenotypes. Given the scarcity of knowledge on early larval stages of concealed insect herbivores, it is possible that our findings represent an instance of a much broader phenomenon. Our observations also allowed us to conclude that Anchylorhynchus eriospathae and A. hatschbachi G. G. Bondar, 1943 are actually the same species, which we synonymize here by considering the latter as a junior synonym(new synonymy).

}, keywords = {bruchidae, butia eriospatha, cannibalism, coleoptera-curculionidae, competition, curculionidae, Insects, Larva, larvae, life-history, Morphology, palm, schoenherr, seed predator, syagrus-romanzoffiana arecaceae, Synonymy, trends, weevil}, isbn = {2167-8359}, url = {http://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.502}, author = {de Medeiros, Bruno A. S. and Bena, D. D. and Vanin, Sergio Antonio} } @governmentreport {594101, title = {Boston Harbor Islands all taxa biodiversity inventory: Discovering the {\textquotedblleft}microwilderness{\textquotedblright} of an urban island park}, year = {2013}, abstract = {

The Boston Harbor Islands Partnership (BHIP) and the Museum of Comparative Zoology (MCZ) at Harvard University collaborated to conduct the first phase of an All Taxa Biodiversity Inventory (ATBI) in Boston Harbor Islands national park area, Boston, Massachusetts.\  This six-year phase of the ATBI focused on the {\textquotedblleft}microwilderness{\textquotedblright} of the park, a vast realm of invertebrate animals. The main objectives of this phase of the ATBI were threefold:\  (1) to document the diversity and distribution of arthropod and mollusk taxa in the park; (2) to engage and educate students and the public about local invertebrate biodiversity; (3) to use biodiversity data to inform park management. The project relied on the participation of more than fifty students, interns, citizen scientists, and volunteers to collect invertebrates on nineteen islands, and to sort, prepare, image, and database more than 75,000 specimens in the lab.\  Additionally, more than forty taxonomists from North America and Europe donated their time and expertise to identify 1,732 species and morphospecies.\  All specimens are permanently housed in the collections at the MCZ. Exploratory analyses of selected taxa suggested that, as predicted by the theory of island biogeography (MacArthur and Wilson 1967), island size was a reasonable predictor of species richness.\  However, an island{\textquoteright}s distance from the mainland was correlated with species richness for only two of six taxa.\  Additional factors such as habitat diversity and habitat type (i.e., presence of freshwater or mature forests), as well as human-aided transport of species, appeared to be significant drivers of invertebrate distribution patterns across the islands.\  Numbers of introduced species were proportionally higher on the islands than on the coastal mainland for several beetle families, but comparable data for the mainland were lacking for most taxa, pointing to the lack of basic species distribution data that exist for invertebrates even in temperate, accessible locales. A large proportion of introduced species also had extremely high population counts and widespread distributions across islands, relative to native species.

}, url = {https://irma.nps.gov/App/Reference/Profile/2195282}, author = {Rykken, Jessica J. and Brian D. Farrell} } @inbook {590921, title = {Discovering the microwilderness in parks and protected areas}, booktitle = {Management of Insects in Recreation and Tourism}, year = {2013}, pages = {306-322}, publisher = {Cambridge U. Press}, organization = {Cambridge U. Press}, address = {Cambridge, UK}, keywords = {Biodiversity, perceptions}, author = {Rykken, Jessica J. and Brian D. Farrell} } @article {590916, title = {A new species of Anchylorhynchus Schoenherr (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) from the Amazon, with a record of a new host palm for the genus}, journal = {Zootaxa}, volume = {3709}, number = {4}, year = {2013}, month = {Sep 6}, pages = {394-400}, abstract = {

Anchylorhynchus vanini sp. nov. from the Amazon is described, including the mouthparts and male genitalia. The new species is compared with similar species within the genus and the key to the species of Anchylorhynchus provided by Vaurie (1954) is modified to include the new species. Adult specimens were collected in flowers of the palm Syagrus vermicularis Noblick and additional collections in other palms species suggest that this association is specific. This is the first record of the palm Syagrus vermicularis as host for a species of Anchylorhynchus.

}, keywords = {acalyptini, derelomina, flower weevils coleoptera, neotropical, weevil}, isbn = {1175-5326}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3709.4.6}, author = {Valente, R. D. and de Medeiros, Bruno A. S.} } @article {590911, title = {A new species of Sicoderus Vanin from Bolivia (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Curculioninae: Otidocephalini)}, journal = {Zootaxa}, volume = {3734}, number = {1}, year = {2013}, month = {Nov 4}, pages = {81-85}, abstract = {

Sicoderus robini sp. nov. (type locality: Bolivia, Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Buena Vista, El Cairo) is described and illustrated. The new species is assigned to the Sicoderus appendiculatus species group, compared with similar species of the group and with the two other species of Sicoderus that occur in Bolivia. The previously published key for species identification of the S. appendiculatus group is updated to include the new species.

}, keywords = {erodiscina, Key, Neotropical region, weevil}, isbn = {1175-5326}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3734.1.9}, author = {Vanin, Sergio Antonio and de Medeiros, Bruno A. S.} } @article {590926, title = {Three new species of Anchylorhynchus Schoenherr, 1836 from Colombia (Coleoptera: Curculionidae; Curculioninae; Acalyptini)}, journal = {Zootaxa}, volume = {3636}, number = {2}, year = {2013}, month = {Apr 4}, pages = {394-400}, abstract = {

Three new species of the genus Anchylorhynchus from Colombia, are described: Anchylorhynchus pinocchio sp. nov., A. centrosquamatus sp. nov. and A. luteobrunneus sp. nov.. A morphological description, including the male genitalia, is provided for each species as well as a comparison with similar species within the genus. All three species are found in inflorescences of species of Syagrus Mart. (Arecaceae). The adults are pollinators and the larvae develop inside fruits and feed on the endosperm, interrupting seed formation and causing fruit abortion.

}, keywords = {arecaceae, Biodiversity, derelomina, flower weevils coleoptera, inflorescence, palm}, isbn = {1175-5326}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3709.4.6}, author = {de Medeiros, Bruno A. S. and N{\'u}{\~n}ez-Avellaneda, Luis A.} } @article {590931, title = {UV Radiation as an Attractor for Insects}, journal = {Leukos}, volume = {9}, number = {1}, year = {2012}, month = {Jul}, pages = {47-56}, abstract = {

Light pollution due to exterior lighting is a rising concern. While glare, light trespass and general light pollution have been well described, there are few reported studies on the impact of light pollution on insects. By studying insect behavior in relation to artificial lighting, we suggest that control of the UV component of artificial lighting can significantly reduce its attractiveness, offering a strong ability to control the impact on insects. Traditionally, the attractiveness of a lamp to insects is calculated using the luminous efficiency spectrum of insect rhodopsin. This has enabled the development of lamps that emit radiation with wavelengths that are less visible to insects (that is, yellow lamps). We tested the assumption that the degree of visibility of a lamp to insects can predict its attractiveness by means of experimental collections. We found that the expected lamp{\textquoteright}s visibility is indeed related to the extent to which it attracts insects. However, the number of insects attracted to a lamp is disproportionally affected by the emission of ultraviolet radiation. UV triggers the behavior of approaching lights more or less independently of the amount of UV radiation emitted. Thus, even small amounts of UV should be controlled in order to develop bug-free lamps.

}, keywords = {catches, Environment, Insects, lamps, light pollution, light trespass, light-trap, moths, uv radiation}, isbn = {1550-2724}, url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1582/LEUKOS.2012.09.01.003}, author = {Barghini, Alessandro and de Medeiros, Bruno A. S.} } @article {590946, title = {Carabid beetle diversity and distribution in Boston Harbor Islands national park area (Coleoptera, Carabidae)}, journal = {Zookeys}, number = {147}, year = {2011}, pages = {497-526}, abstract = {

As part of an All Taxa Biodiversity Inventory in Boston Harbor Islands national park area, an inventory of carabid beetles on 13 islands was conducted. Intensive sampling on ten of the islands, using an assortment of passive traps and limited hand collecting, resulted in the capture of 6,194 specimens, comprising 128 species. Among these species were seven new state records for Massachusetts (Acupalpus nanellus, Amara aulica, Amara bifrons, Apenes lucidulus, Bradycellus tantillus, Harpalus rubripes and Laemostenus tern cola terricola-the last also a new country record; in passing we report also new state records for Happalus rubripes from New York and Pennsylvania, Amara ovata from Pennsylvania, and the first mainland New York records for Asaphidion curtum). For most islands, there was a clear relationship between species richness and island area. Two islands, however, Calf and Grape, had far more species than their relatively small size would predict. Freshwater marshes on these islands, along with a suite of hygrophilous species, suggested that habitat diversity plays an important role in island species richness. Introduced species (18) comprised 14.0\% of the total observed species richness, compared to 5.5\% (17 out of 306 species) documented for Rhode Island. We surmise that the higher proportion of introduced species on the islands is, in part, due to a higher proportion of disturbed and open habitats as well as high rates of human traffic. We predict that more active sampling in specialized habitats would bring the total carabid fauna of the Boston Harbor Islands closer to that of Rhode Island or eastern Massachusetts in richness and composition; however, isolation, human disturbance and traffic, and limited habitat diversity all contribute to reducing the species pool on the islands relative to that on the mainland.

}, keywords = {Biodiversity, biodiversity inventory, boston harbor islands, carabidae, country record u. s., Introduced Species, inventory, state records massachusetts, new york, pennsylvania}, isbn = {1313-2989}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/Zookeys.147.2111}, author = {Davidson, R. L. and Rykken, Jessica J. and Brian D. Farrell} } @article {590956, title = {The Effects of Biogeography on Ant Diversity and Activity on the Boston Harbor Islands, Massachusetts, USA}, journal = {Plos One}, volume = {6}, number = {11}, year = {2011}, month = {Nov 29}, abstract = {

Many studies have examined how island biogeography affects diversity on the scale of island systems. In this study, we address how diversity varies over very short periods of time on individual islands. To do this, we compile an inventory of the ants living in the Boston Harbor Islands National Recreation Area, Boston, Massachusetts, USA using data from a five-year All Taxa Biodiversity Inventory of the region{\textquoteright}s arthropods. Consistent with the classical theory of island biogeography, species richness increased with island size, decreased with island isolation, and remained relatively constant over time. Additionally, our inventory finds that almost half of the known Massachusetts ant fauna can be collected in the BHI, and identifies four new species records for Massachusetts, including one new to the United States, Myrmica scabrinodis. We find that the number of species actually active on islands depended greatly on the timescale under consideration. The species that could be detected during any given week of sampling could by no means account for total island species richness, even when correcting for sampling effort. Though we consistently collected the same number of species over any given week of sampling, the identities of those species varied greatly between weeks. This variation does not result from local immigration and extinction of species, nor from seasonally-driven changes in the abundance of individual species, but rather from weekly changes in the distribution and activity of foraging ants. This variation can be upwards of 50\% of ant species per week. This suggests that numerous ant species on the BHI share the same physical space at different times. This temporal partitioning could well explain such unexpectedly high ant diversity in an isolated, urban site.

}, keywords = {assembly rules, Biodiversity, colonization, communities, competition, disturbance, experimental zoogeography, landscapes, Population, temnothorax-albipennis}, isbn = {1932-6203}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0028045}, author = {Clark, Adam and Rykken, Jessica J. and Brian D. Farrell} } @article {590941, title = {Ground-dwelling Arthropod Distribution and Movement Across a Fragmented Riparian Forest}, journal = {Northwest Science}, volume = {85}, number = {4}, year = {2011}, month = {Fal}, pages = {527-541}, abstract = {

The ability to predict patterns of species dispersal across habitat edges takes on increasing conservation relevance as landscapes become more fragmented. We assessed edge responses for four ground-dwelling arthropod taxa by measuring their distribution and movement patterns across a forest edge associated with a forested riparian buffer and an adjacent upslope clearcut at a single site. We used Spatial Analysis by Distance Indices to describe the spatial distribution of arthropods, habitat variables, and the associations between them across a 49 x 63 m pitfall trapping grid with 80 trapping stations. We used mark-release-recapture techniques to measure the distance, rate, and direction of arthropod movement within and between habitat types. Scaphinotus angusticollis (Coleoptera; Carabidae) was restricted to the cool, moist portion of the riparian buffer and was not observed to cross the forest edge. The carabids Pterostichus lattini and Scaphinotus marginatus had more eurytopic distributions across all habitats. Higher overall mobility for S. marginauts may explain, in part, the greater frequency of movement for this species across the forest/clearcut edge. Lycosid spiders, strongly associated with the clearcut, also moved into one portion of the riparian buffer that was warmer and drier. They had a relatively high frequency of movement across the clearcut/forest boundary. These results suggest that ground-dwelling arthropod taxa are likely to respond differently to habitat edges, and that their habitat affinities and mobility strongly influence movement patterns across the landscape. Understanding these patterns of distribution and movement will aid the sustainable management of forest and riparian arthropod taxa in fragmented landscapes.

}, keywords = {araneae, carabid beetles, coleoptera, coniferous forest, count data, habitat fragmentation, landscape, responses, spatial-pattern, spiders}, isbn = {0029-344X}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3955/046.085.0403}, author = {Rykken, Jessica J. and Jepson, P. C. and Moldenke, A. R.} } @article {590951, title = {Rediscovery of Bembidion (Lymnaeum) nigropiceum (Marsham) (= puritanum Hayward) in Massachusetts, with remarks on biology and habitat (Coleoptera, Carabidae, Bembidiini)}, journal = {Zookeys}, number = {147}, year = {2011}, pages = {487-496}, abstract = {

Bembidion (Lymnaeum) nigropiceum (Marsham) (=puritanum Hayward), a European species introduced into Massachusetts but presumed not to have become established, has been rediscovered during the Boston Harbor Islands All Taxa Biodiversity Inventory undertaken by the Museum of Comparative Zoology and the National Park Service. A summary is presented of treatment of this species in North America. Data on specimens collected are presented, along with observations on habitat and biology. Some speculations are presented about its highly specialized habitat in the gravel pushed up by high tide, which may act as a food-trapping sieve. A few words are included about future actions needed to resolve questions of distribution and behavior.

}, keywords = {boston harbor islands, intertidal habitat, introduced established species, rediscovery}, isbn = {1313-2989}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/Zookeys.147.2105}, author = {Davidson, R. L. and Rykken, Jessica J.} } @article {590961, title = {9-Genes Reinforce the Phylogeny of Holometabola and Yield Alternate Views on the Phylogenetic Placement of Strepsiptera}, journal = {Plos One}, volume = {5}, number = {7}, year = {2010}, month = {Jul 29}, abstract = {

Background: The extraordinary morphology, reproductive and developmental biology, and behavioral ecology of twisted wing parasites (order Strepsiptera) have puzzled biologists for centuries. Even today, the phylogenetic position of these enigmatic "insects from outer space{\textquoteright}{\textquoteright} [1] remains uncertain and contentious. Recent authors have argued for the placement of Strepsiptera within or as a close relative of beetles (order Coleoptera), as sister group of flies (order Diptera), or even outside of Holometabola.Methodology/Principal Findings: Here, we combine data from several recent studies with new data (for a total of 9 nuclear genes and similar to 13 kb of aligned data for 34 taxa), to help clarify the phylogenetic placement of Strepsiptera. Our results unequivocally support the monophyly of Neuropteroidea (= Neuropterida + Coleoptera) + Strepsiptera, but recover Strepsiptera either derived from within polyphagan beetles (order Coleoptera), or in a position sister to Neuropterida. All other supra-ordinal- and ordinal-level relationships recovered with strong nodal support were consistent with most other recent studies.Conclusions/Significance: These results, coupled with the recent proposed placement of Strepsiptera sister to Coleoptera, suggest that while the phylogenetic neighborhood of Strepsiptera has been identified, unequivocal placement to a specific branch within Neuropteroidea will require additional study.

}, keywords = {alignments, coleoptera, Evolution, felsenstein zone, Genes, hexapoda, host-parasitoid associations, insect orders, molecular phylogenetics, parsimony}, isbn = {1932-6203}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0011887}, author = {McKenna, Duane D. and Brian D. Farrell} } @article {590976, title = {Seasonality, the latitudinal gradient of diversity, and Eocene insects}, journal = {Paleobiology}, volume = {36}, number = {3}, year = {2010}, month = {Sum}, pages = {374-398}, abstract = {

In the modern world, biotic diversity is typically higher in low-latitude tropical regions where there is abundant insolation (light and heat) and low thermal seasonality. Because these factors broadly covary with latitude, separating their possible effects on species diversity is difficult. The Eocene was a much more equable world, however, with low temperature seasonality extending into lower-insolation higher, cooler latitudes, allowing us to test these factors by comparing insect species diversity in (1) modern, temperate, low-insolation, highly seasonal Harvard Forest, Massachusetts, U.S.A., 42 degrees 29{\textquoteright}N; (2) modern, tropical, high-insolation, low-seasonality La Selva, Costa Rica, 10 degrees 26{\textquoteright}N, and; (3) Eocene, temperate, low-insolation, yet low-seasonality McAbee, British Columbia, Canada, above 50 degrees N paleolatitude. We found insect diversity at McAbee to be more similar to La Selva than to Harvard Forest, with high species richness of most groups and decreased diversity of ichneumon wasps, indicating that seasonality is key to the latitudinal diversity gradient. Further, midlatitude Eocene woody dicot diversities at McAbee, Republic (Washington, U.S.A.), and Laguna del Hunco (Argentina) are also high, similar to modern tropical samples, higher than at the modern midlatitude Harvard Forest. Modern correlations between latitude, species diversity, and seasonal climates were established some time after the Eocene.

}, keywords = {basal metabolic-rate, deep-sea, highlands british-columbia, large-scale patterns, leaf margin analysis, plant-species richness, rapoports rule, recent bivalve faunas, taxonomic diversity, western north-america}, isbn = {0094-8373}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1666/09021.1}, author = {Archibald, S. Bruce and Bossert, W. H. and Greenwood, D. R. and Brian D. Farrell} } @article {590971, title = {A test of the sympatric host race formation hypothesis in Neodiprion (Hymenoptera: Diprionidae)}, journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society B-Biological Sciences}, volume = {277}, number = {1697}, year = {2010}, month = {Oct 22}, pages = {3131-3138}, abstract = {

Theory suggests that sympatric speciation is possible; however, its prevalence in nature remains unknown. Because Neodiprion sawflies are host specialists and mate on their hosts, sympatric speciation via host shifts may be common in this genus. Here, we test this hypothesis using near-complete taxonomic sampling of a species group, comprehensive geographical and ecological data, and multiple comparative methods. Host-use data suggest that host shifts contributed to the evolution of reproductive isolation in Neodiprion and previous work has shown that gene flow accompanied divergence. However, geographical data provide surprisingly little support for the hypothesis that host shifts occurred in sympatry. While these data do not rule out sympatric host race formation in Neodiprion, they suggest that this speciation mode is uncommon in the genus and possibly in nature.

}, keywords = {age-range correlation test, butterflies, divergence, Evolution, Gene Flow, host race, host shift, mitochondrial introgression, neodiprion, phylogenies, phytophagous insect, phytophagous insects, reproductive isolation, rhagoletis, Speciation, sympatric speciation}, isbn = {0962-8452}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/Rspb.2010.0577}, author = {Linnen, Catherine R. and Brian D. Farrell} } @article {590966, title = {Weevils in the Beetle Tree of Life: Exploring the phylogeny of Curculionoidea using morphology and molecules}, journal = {Cladistics}, volume = {26}, number = {2}, year = {2010}, month = {Apr}, pages = {216-216}, isbn = {0748-3007}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-0031.2009.00285.x}, author = {Marvaldi, Adriana E. and McKenna, Duane D. and Brian D. Farrell} } @inbook {691056, title = {Beetles (Coleoptera)}, booktitle = {The timetree of life}, year = {2009}, note = {

Includes bibliographical references and index.

}, pages = {278{\textendash}289}, publisher = {Oxford University Press}, organization = {Oxford University Press}, address = {Oxford}, keywords = {Evolution (Biology), Phylogeny.}, isbn = {97801995350330199535035}, author = {McKenna, Duane D. and Brian D. Farrell}, editor = {Hedges, S. Blair and Kumar, Sudhir} } @article {590981, title = {Temporal lags and overlap in the diversification of weevils and flowering plants}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}, volume = {106}, number = {17}, year = {2009}, month = {Apr 28}, pages = {7083-7088}, abstract = {

The extraordinary diversity of herbivorous beetles is usually attributed to coevolution with angiosperms. However, the degree and nature of contemporaneity in beetle and angiosperm diversification remain unclear. Here we present a large-scale molecular phylogeny for weevils (herbivorous beetles in the superfamily Curculionoidea), one of the most diverse lineages of insects, based on approximate to 8 kilobases of DNA sequence data from a worldwide sample including all families and subfamilies. Estimated divergence times derived from the combined molecular and fossil data indicate diversification into most families occurred on gymnosperms in the Jurassic, beginning approximate to 166 Ma. Subsequent colonization of early crown-group angiosperms occurred during the Early Cretaceous, but this alone evidently did not lead to an immediate and major diversification event in weevils. Comparative trends in weevil diversification and angiosperm dominance reveal that massive diversification began in the mid-Cretaceous (ca. 112.0 to 93.5 Ma), when angiosperms first rose to widespread floristic dominance. These and other evidence suggest a deep and complex history of coevolution between weevils and angiosperms, including codiversification, resource tracking, and sequential evolution.

}, keywords = {Associations, beetles, coevolution, coleoptera, curculionoidea, diversity, evolutionary origins, fossil record, herbivory, Morphology, Phylogeny, tropical forests}, isbn = {0027-8424}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/Pnas.0810618106}, author = {McKenna, Duane D. and Sequeira, Andrea S. and Marvaldi, Adriana E. and Brian D. Farrell} } @article {590986, title = {The thoracic morphology of Archostemata and the relationships of the extant suborders of Coleoptera (Hexapoda)}, journal = {Cladistics}, volume = {25}, number = {1}, year = {2009}, month = {Feb}, pages = {1-37}, abstract = {

Thoracic structures of Tetraphalerus bruchi are described in detail. The results were compared with features found in other representatives of Archostemata and other coleopteran suborders. Differences between thoracic structures of Tetraphalerus and members of other archostematan subgroups are discussed. External and internal characters of larval and adult representatives of 37 genera of the coleopteran suborders are outlined, coded and analysed cladistically, with four groups of Neuropterida as outgroup taxa. The results strongly suggest the branching pattern Archostemata + [Adephaga + (Myxophaga + Polyphaga)]. Coleoptera excluding Archostemata are supported with a high Bremer support. Important evolutionary changes linked with this branching event are simplifications of the thoracic skeleton resulting in reduced degrees of freedom (i.e. a restricted movability, especially at the leg bases), and a distinct simplification of the muscle system. This development culminates in Polyphaga, which are also strongly supported as a clade. Internalization of the partly reduced propleura, further muscle losses, and the fusion of the mesoventrites and metaventrites-with reversal in Scirtoidea and Derodontidae-are autapomorphies of Polyphaga. Archostemata is a small relict group in contrast to highly successful xylobiontic groups of Polyphaga. The less efficient thoracic locomotor apparatus, the lack of cryptonephric Malpighian tubules, and the rise of angiosperms with beetle groups primarily adjusted to them may have contributed to the decline of Archostemata.(C) The Willi Hennig Society 2008.

}, keywords = {adephaga, beetles, characters, Evolution, larval head morphology, leconte coleoptera, musculature, phylogenetic implications coleoptera, polyphaga, systematic position}, isbn = {0748-3007}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/J.1096-0031.2008.00233.X}, author = {Friedrich, F. and Brian D. Farrell and Beutel, Rolf G.} } @article {691186, title = {Phylogenetic analysis of nuclear and mitochondrial genes reveals evolutionary relationships and mitochondrial introgression in the sertifer species group of the genus Neodiprion (Hymenoptera : Diprionidae)}, journal = {Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution}, volume = {48}, number = {1}, year = {2008}, month = {Jul}, pages = {240-257}, abstract = {

Neodiprion Rohwer (Hymenoptera: Diprionidae) is a Holarctic genus of conifer-feeding sawflies with a remarkable amount of inter- and intraspecific diversity in host use, behavior, and development. This variation is thought to play a central role in Neodiprion diversification, but speciation hypotheses remain untested due to a lack of a robust phylogenetic estimate. Here, we utilize sequence data from three nuclear genes (CAD, ANL43, EF1 alpha) to obtain a phylogenetic estimate for the genus. These analyses suggest that: (1) North American and Eurasian Neodiprion are monophyletic sister clades, (2) the sertifer group is paraphyletic with respect to the monophyletic lecontei group, and (3) on at least two occasions, dispersal from eastern to western North America proceeded via southern host bridges. Based on these results and host biogeography, we revise a previous scenario for the evolution of Neodiprion and suggest maximum ages for the genus and for the lecontei group (25 My and 14 My, respectively). In addition, because a previous study reported rampant mitochondrial introgression in the lecontei group, we assess its prevalence in the sertifer group. Analysis of three mitochondrial genes (COI, tRNA-leucine, and COII) reveals that mito-nuclear discordance is prevalent in the sertifer group, and patterns of species monophyly are consistent with those expected under frequent mitochondrial introgression. As was the case for lecontei group species, we find that introgression appears to be most pronounced between species that occasionally share hosts, suggesting that divergent host use is an important barrier to gene flow in Neodiprion. Finally, we suggest that the lack of phylogenetic resolution and prevalence of species non-monophyly in the non-Pinus feeding Neodiprion may result from the rapid divergence (possibly with gene flow) of these species following their entry into a novel adaptive zone. (C) 2008 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

}, keywords = {bionomics, complex hymenoptera, conifer sawflies, diprionidae, DNA, History, host use, hybridization, hypothesis testing, inference, sawflies, sequence, Speciation, trees, united-states}, isbn = {1055-7903}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/J.Ympev.2008.03.021}, author = {Linnen, Catherine R. and Brian D. Farrell} } @article {590991, title = {Comparison of Methods for Species-Tree Inference in the Sawfly Genus Neodiprion (Hymenoptera: Diprionidae)}, journal = {Systematic Biology}, volume = {57}, number = {6}, year = {2008}, pages = {876-890}, abstract = {

Conifer-feeding sawflies in the genus Neodiprion provide an excellent opportunity to investigate the origin and maintenance of barriers to reproduction, but obtaining a phylogenetic estimate for comparative studies of Neodiprion speciation has proved difficult. Specifically, nonmonophyly within and discordance between individual gene trees, both of which are common in groups that diverged recently and/or rapidly, make it impossible to infer a species tree using methods that are designed to estimate gene trees. Therefore, in this study, we estimate relationships between members of the lecontei species group using four approaches that are intended to estimate species, not gene, trees: (1) minimize deep coalescences (MDC), (2) shallowest divergences (SD), (3) Bayesian estimation of species trees (BEST), and (4) a novel approach that combines concatenation with monophyly constraints (CMC). Multiple populations are sampled for most species and all four methods incorporate this intraspecific variation into estimates of interspecific relationships. We investigate the sensitivity of each method to taxonomic sampling, and, for the BEST method, we assess the impact of prior choice on species-tree inference. We also compare species-tree estimates to one another and to a morphologically based hypothesis to identify clades that are supported by multiple analyses and lines of evidence. We find that both taxonomic sampling and method choice impact species-tree estimates and that, for these data, the BEST method is strongly influenced by and branch-length priors. We also find that the CMC method is the least sensitive to taxonomic sampling. Finally, although interspecific genetic variation is low due to the recent divergence of the lecontei group, our results to date suggest that incomplete lineage sorting and interspecific gene flow are the main factors complicating species-tree inference in Neodiprion. Based on these analyses, we propose a phylogenetic hypothesis for the lecontei group. Finally, our results suggest that, even for very challenging groups like Neodiprion, an underlying species-tree signal can be extracted from multi-locus data as long as intraspecific variation is adequately sampled and methods that focus on the estimation of species trees are used.

}, keywords = {bayesian estimation of species trees (best), bayesian phylogenetic inference, combining data, complex hymenoptera, concatenation with monophyly constraints (cmc), data sets, DNA, gene-tree discordance, hybridization, introgression, lineage sorting, minimize deep coalescences (mdc), mitochondrial introgression, molecular phylogenies, nuclear, shallowest divergences (sd), Speciation, united-states}, isbn = {1063-5157}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10635150802580949}, author = {Linnen, Catherine R. and Brian D. Farrell} } @article {691061, title = {Insects and Internet: Saving a national treasure in Hispaniola}, journal = {ReVista : Harvard review of Latin America.}, number = {Winter 2007}, year = {2007}, pages = {80-81}, isbn = {1541-1443}, url = {https://revista.drclas.harvard.edu/making-a-difference-insects-and-internet-saving-a-national-treasure-in-hispaniola/}, author = {Brian D. Farrell} } @article {691201, title = {Mitonuclear discordance is caused by rampant mitochondrial introgression in Neodiprion (hymenoptera : diprionidae) sawflies}, journal = {Evolution}, volume = {61}, number = {6}, year = {2007}, note = {

177ADTimes Cited:67Cited References Count:101

}, month = {Jun}, pages = {1417-1438}, abstract = {

We investigate the pervasiveness of hybridization and mitochondrial introgression in Neodiprion Rohwer (Hymenoptera; Diprionidae), a Holarctic genus of conifer-feeding sawflies. A phylogenetic analysis of the lecontei species group revealed extensive discordance between a contiguous mitochondrial region spanning three genes (COI, tRNA-leucine, and COII) and three nuclear loci (EF1 alpha, CAD, and an anonymous nuclear locus). Bayesian tests of monophyly and Shimodaira-Hasegawa (SH) tests of topological congruence were consistent with mitochondrial introgression; however, these patterns could also be explained by lineage sorting (i.e., deep coalescence). Therefore, to explicitly test the mitochondrial introgression hypothesis, we used a novel application of coalescent-based isolation with migration (IM) models to measure interspecific gene flow at each locus. In support of our hypothesis, mitochondrial gene flow was consistently higher than nuclear gene flow across 120 pairwise species comparisons (P \< 1 x 10(-12)). We combine phylogenetic and coalescent evidence to identify likely cases of recent and ancient introgression in Neodiprion, and based on these observations, we hypothesize that shared hosts and/or pheromones facilitate hybridization, whereas disparate abundances between hybridizing species promote mitochondrial introgression. Our results carry implications for phylogenetic analysis, and we advocate the separation of high and low gene flow regions to inform analyses of hybridization and speciational history, respectively.

}, keywords = {3-times rule, bayesian phylogenetic inference, drosophila-simulans, electroantennogram responses, gene trees, hybridization, im, introgression, maximum-likelihood, mitochondrial DNA, neodiprion, pheromone optical isomers, phylogenetic discordance, sex-pheromones, species complex, united-states}, isbn = {0014-3820}, author = {Linnen, Catherine R. and Brian D. Farrell} } @article {590996, title = {Headwater riparian forest-floor invertebrate communities associated with alternative forest management practices}, journal = {Ecological Applications}, volume = {17}, number = {4}, year = {2007}, note = {

170UVTimes Cited:23Cited References Count:82

}, month = {Jun}, pages = {1168-1183}, abstract = {

Headwater streams and their riparian zones are a common, yet poorly understood, component of Pacific Northwest, USA, landscapes. We describe the ecological importance of headwater stream riparian zones as habitat for forest-floor invertebrate communities and assess how alternative management strategies for riparian zones may impact these communities. We compared community composition of forest-floor invertebrates at increasing distances along trans-riparian (stream edge to upslope) transects in mature forests, clearcuts, and riparian buffers of similar to 30-m width with upslope clearcuts. Invertebrates were collected using pitfall traps in five replicate blocks of three treatments each in the Willamette National Forest, Oregon, USA. We measured microclimate and microhabitat variables at pitfall locations. Despite strong elevation and block effects on community composition, community analyses revealed a distinct "riparian{\textquoteright}{\textquoteright} invertebrate community within 1 m of the stream edge in mature forest treatments, which was strongly related to cool, humid microclimate conditions. Invertebrate community composition in buffer treatments was far more similar to that of mature forests than to clearcuts; a pattern mirrored by microclimate. These results suggest that, within our study sites, forest floor invertebrate distributions are strongly associated with microclimate and that riparian buffers of similar to 30-m width do provide habitat for many riparian and forest species. Riparian reserves may serve as effective forest refugia and/or dispersal corridors for invertebrates and other taxa, and their incorporation into watershed management plans likely will contribute to meeting persistence and connectivity objectives.

}, keywords = {buffer strips, ecotone, forest management strategies, forest-floor invertebrate communities, ground beetles, headwater stream, Microclimate, microclimatic gradients, oregon coast range, pacific northwest, pacific-northwest, pitfall traps, riparian reserves, small mammals, species assemblages, spider assemblages, USA, western washington}, isbn = {1051-0761}, author = {Rykken, Jessica J. and Moldenke, A. R. and Olson, D. H.} } @article {591001, title = {Headwater riparian microclimate patterns under alternative forest management treatments}, journal = {Forest Science}, volume = {53}, number = {2}, year = {2007}, note = {

154NLTimes Cited:29Cited References Count:50

}, month = {Apr}, pages = {270-280}, abstract = {

Management of headwater streams and their riparian zones has included the implementation of forested riparian buffers, which are intended to protect ecological processes (such as microclimate) and biota, but the appropriate widths for these buffers have been widely debated. We measured the magnitude and extent of microclimatic gradients associated with headwater streams in mature unmanaged forests, and determined whether these patterns were maintained in clearcut harvested units with and without a 30 m-wide riparian buffer on each side of the stream. We measured air temperature, soil temperature, and relative humidity between I and 70 m from the stream in five replicate blocks of three treatments each in western Oregon. Results indicated the strongest stream effect on air temperature and relative humidity to be within 10 m of the stream in all management treatments at 3:00 pm, and gradients were evident to 20 m in the forested treatment. The clearcut was significantly hotter (air and soil) and drier than either the riparian buffer or the forest treatments at 3:00 pm. The riparian buffer and forest had similar microclimates at all distances from the stream, suggesting that the 30-m buffer adequately protected the riparian microclimatic gradient. We hypothesize that the strong stream effect on microclimate in the riparian zone serves a critical role in mitigating the influence of microclimatic "edge effects" associated with the forest-clearcut edge. Biota dependent on cool, humid microclimates provided by riparian zones will benefit from the implementation of riparian buffers in harvest units.

}, keywords = {air-temperature, buffer, buffer width, central amazonia, clear-cut, douglas-fir forests, ecotone, edge, edge effect, new-zealand, pacific northwest, pacific-northwest, riparian reserve, small streams, western washington}, isbn = {0015-749X}, author = {Rykken, Jessica J. and Chan, S. S. and Moldenke, A. R.} } @article {591006, title = {Evolutionary consequences of dispersal ability in cactus-feeding insects}, journal = {Genetica}, volume = {126}, number = {3}, year = {2006}, note = {

036QMTimes Cited:3Cited References Count:63

}, month = {Mar}, pages = {323-334}, abstract = {

Although gene flow is an important determinant of evolutionary change, the role of ecological factors such as specialization in determining migration and gene flow has rarely been explored empirically. To examine the consequences of dispersal ability and habitat patchiness on gene flow, migration rates were compared in three cactophagous longhorn beetles using coalescent analyses of mtDNA sequences. Analyses of covariance were used to identify the roles of dispersal ability and habitat distribution in determining migration patterns. Dispersal ability was a highly significant predictor of gene flow (p \< 0.001), and was more important than any other factor. These findings predict that dispersal ability may be an import factor shaping both microevolutionary and macroevolutionary patterns; this prediction is borne out by comparisons of species diversity in cactus-feeding groups.

}, keywords = {beetles, cerambycidae, coenopoeus, coleoptera, cytochrome-oxidase-i, flightlessness, Gene Flow, geographic structure, habitat patchiness, hemiptera, Migration, moneilema, natural-populations, prickly pear, specialization}, isbn = {0016-6707}, author = {Smith, Christopher I. and Brian D. Farrell} } @article {591016, title = {Larval habits, host-plant associations, and speciation in nematine sawflies (Hymenoptera : Tenthredinidae)}, journal = {Evolution}, volume = {60}, number = {8}, year = {2006}, note = {

084JXTimes Cited:39Cited References Count:135

}, month = {Aug}, pages = {1622-1637}, abstract = {

Adaptive radiations consist of two intertwined processes, diversification of species and diversification of their ecological niches, but it is unclear whether there is a causal link between the processes. In phytophagous insects, ecological diversification mainly involves shifts in host-plant associations and in larval feeding habits (internal or external) on different plant parts, and several observations indicate that speciation is facilitated by host shifts. Data on host use in individual species suggest that internal feeders are less likely to colonize new hosts than external-feeding taxa and, consequently, increases in collective host ranges and species numbers should be slowed down in endophagous lineages. We tested these related hypotheses by using phylogenetic information to reconstruct the evolutionary history of larval resource use in the sawfly subfamily Nematinae, a group of 1000 plus species with a broad range of niches: the subfamily{\textquoteright}s combined host range includes over 20 plant families, and larvae may feed externally on leaves or needles, or internally, for example, in buds, fruits, leaves, or galls. The results show that: (1) Most internally feeding groups have evolved independently from external-feeding ancestors, but several distinct internal habits have appeared convergently multiple times; (2) Shifts among host taxa are clearly more common than changes in larval habits; (3) The majority of host switches have occurred among phylogenetic ally close plant groups, but many shifts are manifest among distantly related, ecologically proximate hosts; (4) Although external feeding characteristic of the common ancestor of Nematinae is associated with relatively high rates of host-shifting, internal feeders are very conservative in their host use; (5) In contrast, the effect of endophagy on speciation probabilities is more variable: net speciation rates are lowered in most internal-feeding groups, but a striking exception is found in species that induce galls on Salicaceae. The loose connection between collective host ranges and species diversity provides empirical support for theoretical models suggesting that speciation rates are a function of a complex interplay between "intrinsic" niche width and resource heterogeneity.

}, keywords = {adaptive radiation, ancestor states, coevolution, DNA-sequences, enemy-free space, evolutionary dynamics, herbivorous insects, insect-plant interactions, larval habits, leaf beetles, nematinae, niche diversification, phytophagous insects, sexual isolation, speciation rates, united-states}, isbn = {0014-3820}, author = {Nyman, Tommi and Brian D. Farrell and Zinovjev, Alexey G. and Vikberg, Veli} } @article {591011, title = {Molecular phylogeny of the sawfly subfamily Nematinae (Hymenoptera : Tenthredinidae)}, journal = {Systematic Entomology}, volume = {31}, number = {4}, year = {2006}, note = {

092PNTimes Cited:21Cited References Count:78

}, month = {Oct}, pages = {569-583}, abstract = {

Nematinae is one of the largest subfamilies in the sawfly family Tenthredinidae, but internal relationships are unknown in the absence of any formal phylogenetic analysis. To understand the internal phylogeny of Nematinae, we sequenced a portion of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I gene and the nuclear elongation factor-1 alpha gene from thirteen outgroup taxa and sixty-eight nematine species, the ingroup taxa of which represent all major genera and subgenera within the subfamily. Maximum parsimony and Bayesian phylogenetic analyses of the DNA sequence data show that: (1) Nematinae are monophyletic in a broad sense which includes Hoplocampa, Susana and the tribe Cladiini, which have been classified often into separate subfamilies; together with Craterocercus, these taxa form a paraphyletic basal grade with respect to the remaining Nematinae, but among-group relationships within the grade remain weakly resolved; (2) the remainder of the ingroup, Nematinae s. str, is monophyletic in all combined-data analyses; (3) within Nematinae s. str, the {\textquoteright}Higher{\textquoteright} Nematinae is divided into three groups, Mesoneura and the large tribes Nematini and Pristiphorini; (4) although the traditional classifications at the tribal level are largely upheld, some of the largest tribes and genera are obviously para- or polyphyletic; (5) according to rate-smoothed phylogenies dated with two fossil calibration points, Nematinae originated 50-120 million years ago. In addition, the results from all Bayesian analyses provide strong and consistent support for the monophyly of Tenthredinidae, which has been difficult to demonstrate in previous parsimony analyses of morphological and molecular data.

}, keywords = {basal lineages, Evolution, incongruence, insecta, length difference test, Morphology, nuclear, sensitivity-analysis, sequences, substitution}, isbn = {0307-6970}, author = {Nyman, Tommi and Zinovjev, Alexey G. and Vikberg, Veli and Brian D. Farrell} } @article {591031, title = {The provenance of Old World swallowtail butterflies, Papilio demoleus (Lepidoptera : Papilionidae), recently discovered in the New World}, journal = {Annals of the Entomological Society of America}, volume = {99}, number = {1}, year = {2006}, note = {

004BQTimes Cited:7Cited References Count:34

}, month = {Jan}, pages = {164-168}, abstract = {

A potential citrus pest, the Old World swallowtail butterfly Papilio demoleus L. was recently discovered in the Dominican Republic; however, there are many subspecies of this butterfly and not all are considered pests of citrus. We used genetic markers to determine the source population (subspecies), by comparing sequences from butterflies collected in the Dominican Republic with individuals whose provenance was known, and to indicate whether single or multiple introductions had taken place. Sequences of up to 1,400 nucleotides from the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I gene were characterized from 28 specimens collected in the Dominican Republic and compared with known P. demoleus sequences available from GenBank. We confirmed earlier estimates, based on morphology, that the butterflies had originated in Southeast Asia, where the species is known to be a citrus pest. Lack of sequence variation among specimens from the Dominican Republic suggests that a single introduction in early 2004 was most likely. It is not known bow the butterflies reached the Dominican Republic.

}, keywords = {citrus pest, Evolution, Genetic Markers, hispaniola, invasive species, primers, West Indies}, isbn = {0013-8746}, author = {Eastwood, Rod and Boyce, Sarah L. and Brian D. Farrell} } @article {591021, title = {Sesiid moths reduce germination, seedling growth, and survivorship in Pentaclethra macroloba (Mimosoideae), a locally dominant lowland neotropical tree}, journal = {Biotropica}, volume = {38}, number = {4}, year = {2006}, note = {

050DBTimes Cited:3Cited References Count:45

}, month = {Jul}, pages = {508-513}, abstract = {

Monodominant forests are a widespread feature of the humid and wet lowland tropics, but little is known about their origins or factors mediating their persistence. Nonetheless, escape from significant vertebrate and invertebrate seed predation plays a prominent role in most hypotheses. The seeds of Pentaclethra macroloba (Fabaceae: Mimosoideae) have long been thought to be virtually immune to predation, contributing to its local dominance in the canopy of some Mesoamerican forests. Here, we describe herbivory by the larvae of Carmenta surinamensis (Lepidoptera: Sesiidae) on the seeds of P. macroloba, and report the results of studies designed to clarify how this interaction influences germination, seedling growth, and mortality. To this end, we collected P. macroloba seeds at 30-d intervals for 5 mo along a rain forest transect in Costa Rica. The seeds were monitored in a shade house for 30 d. Adult moths were reared from 43.6 percent of seeds, and significantly affected germination and mortality, and all measures of growth (number of leaves, seedling height, seed and seedling mass at 30 d, and 30-d change in seed and seedling mass). Based on these observations, we conclude that seed boring by C. surinamensis is a potentially important factor influencing population dynamics in P. macroloba, and warrants further investigation for its prospective role in regulating local abundance in this locally dominant and ecologically significant tree.

}, keywords = {carmenta surinamensis, costa rica, diversity, dominance, establishment conditions, fate, Germination, growth, mechanisms, mortality, pentaclethra macroloba, rain forest, seed predation, seedling mortality, seeds, size, tropical forests, woody-plants}, isbn = {0006-3606}, author = {McKenna, Duane D. and McKenna, K. M.} } @article {591026, title = {Tropical forests are both evolutionary cradles and museums of leaf beetle diversity}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}, volume = {103}, number = {29}, year = {2006}, note = {

067UDTimes Cited:96Cited References Count:40

}, month = {Jul 18}, pages = {10947-10951}, abstract = {

The high extant species diversity of tropical lineages of organisms is usually portrayed as a relatively recent and rapid development or as a consequence of the gradual accumulation or preservation of species over time. These explanations have led to alternative views of tropical forests as evolutionary "cradles" or "museums" of diversity, depending on the organisms under study. However, biogeographic and fossil evidence implies that the evolutionary histories of diversification among tropical organisms may be expected to exhibit characteristics of both cradle and museum models. This possibility has not been explored in detail for any group of terrestrial tropical organisms. From an extensively sampled molecular phylogeny of herbivorous Neotropical leaf beetles in the genus Cephaloleia, we present evidence for (i) comparatively ancient Paleocene-Eocene adaptive radiation associated with global warming and Cenozoic maximum global temperatures, (it) moderately ancient lineage-specific diversification coincident with the Oligocene adaptive radiation of Cephaloleia host plants in the genus Heliconia, and (iii) relatively recent Miocene-Pliocene diversification coincident with the collision of the Panama arc with South America and subsequent bridging of the Isthmus of Panama. These results demonstrate that, for Cephaloleia and perhaps other lineages of organisms, tropical forests are at the same time both evolutionary cradles and museums of diversity.

}, keywords = {cephaloleia, diversification, diversification rates, evolutionary radiation, genus, mode, molecular phylogenies, northern south-america, Phylogeny, plant-insect associations, tempo}, isbn = {0027-8424}, author = {McKenna, Duane D. and Brian D. Farrell} } @article {691071, title = {From agronomics to international relations: Building an online encyclopedia of life in the Dominican Republic}, journal = {ReVista : Harvard review of Latin America.}, number = {Fall 2004 / Winter 2005}, year = {2005}, pages = {6-9}, publisher = {David Rockefeller Center for Latin American Studies, Harvard University}, address = {Cambridge, MA}, keywords = {Latin America -- Economic conditions -- 1982- -- Periodicals., Latin America -- Social conditions -- 1982- -- Periodicals.}, isbn = {1541-1443}, author = {Brian D. Farrell}, editor = {DRCLAS} } @governmentreport {691066, title = {Historical biogeography of longhorn cactus beetles: the influence of Pleistocene climate changes on American desert communities}, year = {2005}, pages = {135-139}, publisher = {U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station}, address = {Fort Collins, CO}, isbn = {Proc. RMRS-P-36}, author = {Smith, Christopher I. and Brian D. Farrell} } @article {591046, title = {Ecological and evolutionary diversification of the seed beetle genus Stator (Coleoptera : Chrysomelidae : Bruchinae)}, journal = {Evolution}, volume = {59}, number = {6}, year = {2005}, note = {

939MQTimes Cited:44Cited References Count:116

}, month = {Jun}, pages = {1315-1333}, abstract = {

Ehrlich and Raven{\textquoteright}s (1964) hypothesis on coevolution has stimulated numerous phylogenetic studies that focus on the effects of plant defensive chemistry as the main ecological axis of phytophagous insect diversification. However, other ecological features affect host use and diet breadth and they may have very different consequences for insect evolution. In this paper, we present a phylogenetic study based on DNA sequences from mitochondrial and protein-coding genes of species in the seed beetle genus Stator, which collectively show considerable interspecific variation in host affiliation, diet breadth, and the dispersal stage of the seeds that they attack. We used comparative analyses to examine transitions in these three axes of resource use. We argue that these analyses show that diet breadth evolution is dependent upon colonizing novel hosts that are closely or distantly related to the ancestral host, and that oviposition substrate affects the evolution of host-plant affiliation, the evolution of dietary specialization, and the degree to which host plants are shared between species. The results of this study show that diversification is structured by interactions between different selective pressures and along multiple ecological axes.

}, keywords = {acacia-farnesiana, bridwell coleoptera, coevolution, cytochrome oxidase 1, cytochrome-oxidase-i, dead-end, elongation factor 1-alpha, host records, insect plant interactions, insect-plant interaction, leaf beetles, molecular systematics, oviposition behavior, phytophagous insects, southwestern united-states, specialization}, isbn = {0014-3820}, author = {Morse, Geoff E. and Brian D. Farrell} } @article {591051, title = {Interspecific phylogeography of the Stator limbatus species complex: The geographic context of speciation and specialization}, journal = {Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution}, volume = {36}, number = {2}, year = {2005}, note = {

942EOTimes Cited:24Cited References Count:87

}, month = {Aug}, pages = {201-213}, abstract = {

Diversification in phytophagous insects is often attributed to a propensity toward specialization and to a tendency for speciation to be associated with host-shifts. Phylogenetic analysis revealed a sister relationship between the generalist Stator limbatus and the specialist host-shifted Stator beali, providing a system to examine the genealogical and geographic origins of the main processes involved in this diversification: host-shifts, specialization, and reproductive isolation. We examine the interspecific phylogeographic relationships between these species using mitochondrial DNA sequence data. S. beali is derived within S. limbatus, rendering the latter paraphyletic and suggesting a budding process of speciation. The inherent polarity in this genealogical pattern indicates that the specialist habit, clumping oviposition behavior, and distinct genitalia of S. beali are all derived from the ancestral S. limbatus. The phylogeography of S. limbatus also shows strong geographic structure with divergences corresponding to known biogeographic boundaries, indicating that this evolutionary signal has not been erased by the vagaries of history. However, the derivation of S. beali and the evolution of reproductive isolation between the two species does not correspond to these known biogeographic boundaries, as S. beali and its sister clade of S. limbatus are restricted to the same geographic province. The geographic proximity of diversification combined with a divergence time estimated at the beginning of the Pleistocene indicates that speciation likely occurred very rapidly, although further genetic and ecological work is necessary to examine the mode of speciation. This study provides the historical context for ongoing evolutionary, ecological, and quantitative genetic research on the divergence in diet breadth between these species. (c) 2005 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

}, keywords = {bruchinae, cytochrome oxidase 1, cytochrome-oxidase-i, dead-end, grasshoppers genus melanoplus, host records, leaf beetles, miocene communities, mitochondrial DNA, mitochondrial-DNA, molecular systematics, neotropical paleobotany, paraphyly, phylogeography, phytophagous insects, seed-feeding beetle, specialization, Speciation, stator}, isbn = {1055-7903}, author = {Morse, Geoff E. and Brian D. Farrell} } @article {591056, title = {Molecular phylogenetics and evolution of host plant use in the Neotropical rolled leaf {\textquoteright}hispine{\textquoteright} beetle genus Cephaloleia (Chevrolat) (Chrysomelidae : Cassidinae)}, journal = {Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution}, volume = {37}, number = {1}, year = {2005}, note = {

973FDTimes Cited:28Cited References Count:66

}, month = {Oct}, pages = {117-131}, abstract = {

Here, we report the results of a species level phylogenetic study of Cephaloleia beetles designed to clarify relationships and patterns of host plant taxon and tissue use among species. Our study is based on up to 2088 bp of mtDNA sequence data. Maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood, and Bayesian methods of phylogenetic inference consistently recover a monophyletic Cephaloleia outside of a basal clade of primarily palm feeding species (the {\textquoteright}Arecaceae-feeding clade{\textquoteright}), and C irregularis. In all three analyses, the {\textquoteright}Arecaceae-feeding clade{\textquoteright} includes Cephaloleia spp. with unusual morphological features, and a few species currently placed in other cassidine genera and tribes. All three analyses also recover a clade that includes all Zingiberales feeding Cephaloleia and most Cephaloleia species (the {\textquoteright}Zingiberales-feeding clade{\textquoteright}). Two notable clades are found within the {\textquoteright}Zingiberales-feeding clade.{\textquoteright} One is comprised of beetles that normally feed only on the young rolled leaves of plants in the families Heliconiaceae and Marantaceae (the {\textquoteright}Heliconiaceae \& Marantaceae-feeding clade{\textquoteright}). The other is comprised of relative host tissue generalist, primarily Zingiberales feeding species (the {\textquoteright}generalist-feeding clade{\textquoteright}). A few species in the {\textquoteright}generalist-feeding clade{\textquoteright} utilize Cyperaceae or Poaceae as hosts. Overall, relatively basal Cephaloleia (e.g., the "Arecaceae clade{\textquoteright}) feed on relatively basal monocots (e.g., Cyclanthaceae and Arecaceae), and relatively derived Cephaloleia (e.g., the {\textquoteright}Zingiberales-feeding clade{\textquoteright}) feed on relatively derived monocots (mostly in the order Zingiberales). Zingiberales feeding and specialization on young rolled Zingiberales leaves have each apparently evolved just once in Cephaloleia. (c) 2005 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

}, keywords = {accuracy, bark beetles, cassidinae, cephaloleia, characters, chrysomelidae, heliconia, hispinae, incomplete taxa, incongruence, length difference test, missing data, mitochondrial-DNA, mtdna, specialization, zingiberales}, isbn = {1055-7903}, author = {McKenna, Duane D. and Brian D. Farrell} } @article {591041, title = {Phylogeography of the longhorn cactus beetle Moneilema appressum LeConte (Coleoptera : Cerambycidae): was the differentiation of the Madrean sky islands driven by Pleistocene climate changes?}, journal = {Molecular Ecology}, volume = {14}, number = {10}, year = {2005}, note = {

955JUTimes Cited:59Cited References Count:67

}, month = {Sep}, pages = {3049-3065}, abstract = {

Although it has been suggested that Pleistocene climate changes drove population differentiation and speciation in many groups of organisms, population genetic evidence in support of this scenario has been ambiguous, and it has often been difficult to distinguish putative vicariance from simple isolation by distance. The sky island communities of the American Southwest present an ideal system in which to compare late Pleistocene range fragmentations documented by palaeoenvironmental studies with population genetic data from organisms within these communities. In order to elucidate the impact of Pleistocene climate fluctuations on these environments, biogeographic patterns in the flightless longhorn cactus beetle, Moneilema appressum were examined using mitochondrial DNA sequence data. Gene tree relationships between haplotypes were inferred using parsimony, maximum-likelihood, and Bayesian analysis. Nested clade analysis, Mantel tests, and coalescent modelling were employed to examine alternative biogeographic scenarios, and to test the hypothesis that Pleistocene climate changes drove population differentiation in this species. The program MDIV was used to estimate migration and divergence times between populations, and to measure the statistical support for isolation over ongoing migration. These analyses showed significant geographic structure in genetic relationships, and implicated topography as a key determinant of isolation. However, although the coalescent analyses suggested that a history of past habitat fragmentation underlies the observed geographic patterns, the nested clade analysis indicated that the pattern was consistent with isolation by distance. Estimated divergence times indicated that range fragmentation in M. appressum is considerably older than the end of the most recent glacial, but coincided with earlier interglacial warming events and with documented range expansions in other, desert-dwelling species of Moneilema.

}, keywords = {coalescent analysis, cytochrome-oxidase-i, Gene Flow, hyla-arenicolor cope, ice ages, insect fossil evidence, mdiv, moneilema, montane grasshoppers, nested clade analysis, paleobotanical record, partial mantel tests, phenotypic associations, pleistocene climate change, sky islands, western north-america}, isbn = {0962-1083}, author = {Smith, Christopher I. and Brian D. Farrell} } @article {591036, title = {Range expansions in the flightless longhorn cactus beetles, Moneilema gigas and Moneilema armatum, in response to Pleistocene climate changes}, journal = {Molecular Ecology}, volume = {14}, number = {4}, year = {2005}, note = {

907MJTimes Cited:52Cited References Count:50

}, month = {Apr}, pages = {1025-1044}, abstract = {

Pollen cores and plant and animal fossils suggest that global climate changes at the end of the last glacial period caused range expansions in organisms indigenous to the North American desert regions, but this suggestion has rarely been investigated from a population genetic perspective. In order to investigate the impact of Pleistocene climate changes and glacial/interglacial cycling on the distribution and population structure of animals in North American desert communities, biogeographical patterns in the flightless, warm-desert cactus beetles, Moneilema gigas and Moneilema armatum, were examined using mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequence data from the cytochrome oxidase I (COI) gene. Gene tree relationships between haplotypes were inferred using parsimony, maximum-likelihood, and Bayesian analysis. Nested clade analysis and coalescent modelling using the programs MDIV and FLUCTUATE were used to identify demographically independent populations, and to test the hypothesis that Pleistocene climate changes caused recent range expansions in these species. A sign test was used to evaluate the probability of observing concerted population growth across multiple, independent populations. The phylogeographical and nested clade analyses reveal a history of northward expansion in both of these species, as well as a history of past range fragmentation, followed by expansion from refugia. The coalescent analyses provide highly significant evidence for independent range expansions from multiple refugia, but also identify biogeographical patterns that predate the most recent glacial period. The results indicate that widespread desert environments are more ancient than has been suggested in the past.

}, keywords = {cerambycidae, chihuahuan desert, chihuahuan-desert, cladistic-analysis, coalescent analysis, cytochrome-oxidase-i, eremicus species group, fluctuate, insect fossil evidence, late quaternary, mdiv, nested clade analysis, north-america, paleobotanical record, phenotypic associations, phylogeography, population-growth, sonoran desert}, isbn = {0962-1083}, author = {Smith, Christopher I. and Brian D. Farrell} } @article {691076, title = {Endosymbiont Phylogenesis in the Dryophthoridae Weevils: Evidence for Bacterial Replacement}, journal = {Molecular Biology and Evolution}, volume = {21}, number = {6}, year = {2004}, pages = {965-973}, abstract = {

Intracellular symbiosis is widespread in the insect world where it plays an important role in evolution and adaptation. The weevil family Dryophthoridae (Curculionoidea) is of particular interest in intracellular symbiosis evolution with regard to the great economical and ecological features of these invasive insects, and the potential for comparative studies across a wide range of host plants and environments. Here, we have analyzed the intracellular symbiotic bacteria of 19 Dryophthoridae species collected worldwide, representing a wide range of plant species and tissues. All except one ( Sitophilus linearis ) harbor symbiotic bacteria within specialized cells (the bacteriocytes) assembled as an organ, the bacteriome. Phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rDNA gene sequence of the Dryophthoridae endosymbionts revealed three endosymbiotic clades belonging to 3-Proteobacteria and characterized by different GC contents and evolutionary rate. The genus name Candidatus Nardonella was proposed for the ancestral clade infesting Dryophthoridae 100 MYA and represented by five of nine bacterial genera studied. For this clade showing low GC content (40.5 GC) and high evolutionary rate (0.128 substitutions/site per 100 Myr), a single infection and subsequent cospeciation of the host and the endosymbionts was observed. In the two other insect lineage endosymbionts, with relatively high GC content (53.4 and 53.8 GC), competition with ancestral pathogenic bacteria might have occurred, leading to endosymbiont replacement in present-day last insects.

}, keywords = {Evolution, Evolutionary Rate, Gc Content, Insect, Intracellular Symbiosis, molecular phylogeny}, isbn = {0737-4038}, author = {Lefevre, Cedric and Charles, Hubert and Vallier, Agnes and Delobel, Bernard and Brian D. Farrell and Heddi, Abdelaziz} } @article {691081, title = {First new world documentation of an Old World citrus pest, the lime swallowtail Papilio demoleus (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae), in the Dominican Republic (Hispaniola)}, journal = {American entomologist}, volume = {50}, number = {4}, year = {2004}, note = {

Includes references

}, pages = {227-229}, isbn = {1046-2821}, author = {Guerrero, K. A. and Veloz, D. and Boyce, Sarah L. and Brian D. Farrell} } @article {591061, title = {Evolutionary rates in the adaptive radiation of beetles on plants}, journal = {Evolution}, volume = {58}, number = {9}, year = {2004}, note = {

860JVTimes Cited:69Cited References Count:131

}, month = {Sep}, pages = {1984-2001}, abstract = {

Herbivorous insects and other small consumers are often specialized both in use of particular host taxa and in use of particular host tissues. Such consumers also often seem to show consistent differences in the rates of evolution of these two dimensions of host use, implying common processes, but this has been little studied. Here we quantify these rates of change in host use evolution in a major radiation of herbivorous insects, the Chrysomeloidea, whose diversity has been attributed to their use of flowering plants. We find a significant difference in the rates of evolutionary change in these two dimensions of host use, with host taxon associations most labile. There are apparently similar differences in rates of host use evolution in other parasite groups, suggesting the generality of this pattern. Divergences in parasite form associated with use of different host tissues may facilitate resource partitioning among successive adaptive radiations on particular host taxa.

}, keywords = {bruchidae, cerambycidae, chrysomelidae, discrete characters, herbivory, host specificity, insect-plant interactions, larval morphology, leaf beetles, maximum-likelihood, morphological characters, parasite-host interactions, phylogenetic analysis, Phylogeny, phytophagous insects, primate lentiviruses, wasps hymenoptera}, isbn = {0014-3820}, author = {Brian D. Farrell and Sequeira, Andrea S.} } @conference {691086, title = {Wheeler{\textquoteright}s dilemma}, booktitle = {2nd Congress on Palaeoentomology, Fossil insects, 2003}, volume = {46}, year = {2003}, pages = {17-23}, publisher = {Polish Academy of Sciences, Institute of Systematics and Evolution of Animals}, organization = {Polish Academy of Sciences, Institute of Systematics and Evolution of Animals}, address = {Cracow}, keywords = {Arthropoda, Cenozoic, Eocene, insecta, Invertebrata, Invertebrate Paleontology, Mandibulata, Paleoclimatology, Paleoenvironment, Paleogene, Tertiary}, isbn = {0065-1710}, author = {Archibald, S. Bruce and Brian D. Farrell}, editor = {Krzeminska, Ewa and Krzeminski, Wieslaw} } @inbook {691091, title = {Phylogenetic relationships in some species of the genus Macrobrachium based on nucleotide sequences of the mitochondrial gene cytochrome oxidase I}, booktitle = {Modern Approaches to the Study of Crustacea}, year = {2002}, note = {Includes bibliographical references and indexes.(2000 : Puerto Vallarta, Mexico)}, pages = {319-322}, publisher = {Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers}, organization = {Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers}, address = {New York}, keywords = {Crustacea -- Congresses.}, isbn = {03064736669780306473661}, author = {Pereira, Guido and De Stefano, Hilda and Staton, Joseph and Brian D. Farrell}, editor = {Escobar-Briones, Elva and Alvarez, Fernando} } @article {591071, title = {Extraordinary haplotype diversity in haplodiploid inbreeders: phylogenetics and evolution of the bark beetle genus Coccotrypes}, journal = {Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution}, volume = {23}, number = {2}, year = {2002}, note = {

569AATimes Cited:18Cited References Count:82

}, month = {May}, pages = {171-188}, abstract = {

Regular inbreeding by sib-mating is one of the most successful ecological strategies in the bark beetle family Scolytinae. Within this family, the many species (119) in Coccotrypes are found breeding in an exceptional variety of untraditional woody tissues different from bark and phloem. Species delineation by morphological criteria is extremely difficult, however, as in most other inbreeding groups of beetles, perhaps due to the unusual evolutionary dynamics characterizing sib-mating organisms. Hence, we here performed a phylogenetic analysis using molecular data in conjunction with morphological data to better understand morphological and ecological evolution in this sib-mating group. We used partial DNA sequences from the nuclear gene EF-alpha and the mitochondrial genes 12S and CO1 to elucidate patterns of morphological evolution, haplotype variation, and evolutionary pathways in resource use. Sequence variation was high among species and far above that expected at the species level (e.g., 19\% for CO1 within Coccotrypes advena). The tendency for exhaustive sequence variation at deeper nodes resulted in ambiguous reconstructions of the deepest splits. However, all results suggested that species with the broadest diets were clustered in a single derived position-another piece of evidence against specialization as a derived evolutionary feature. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved.

}, keywords = {12s, characters, co1, coleoptera, congruence, data partitions, DNA phylogeny, dryocoetini, ef-1 alpha, elongation factor-1-alpha, lepidoptera, mammalian mitochondrial genes, maximum-likelihood, maximum-parsimony, Morphology, rasa, scolytidae, scolytinae, seed feeding, sequence, specialization}, isbn = {1055-7903}, author = {Jordal, Bjarte H. and Normark, B. B. and Brian D. Farrell and Kirkendall, L. R.} } @article {591076, title = {Extraordinary sex ratios and the evolution of male neoteny in sib-mating Ozopemon beetles}, journal = {Biological Journal of the Linnean Society}, volume = {75}, number = {3}, year = {2002}, note = {

536HVTimes Cited:26Cited References Count:32

}, month = {Mar}, pages = {353-360}, abstract = {

The weevil subfamily Scolytinae includes at least seven groups of regularly sib-mating species with extremely female-biased offspring sex ratios. The enigmatic SE-Asian bark beetle genus Ozopemon (25 spp.) belong to the most diversified clade (\>1400 spp.) of such ancient inbreeding lineages. While males of all sib-mating scolytines are flightless, and are usually dwarfed versions of their larger sisters, the existence of males in Ozopemon has been a controversial issue. Some strangely modified male beetles, with fully developed aedeagus, strongly flattened pronotum and bead, and 10-segmented larviform abdomen, were first described as males of O.brownei, but were later assigned to the Histeridae. With the new evidence provided here, based on DNA sequence data from mitochondrial and nuclear gene partitions, and examination of genitalic characters, we re-assign these males, as well as males for two more species, to Ozopemon. Neoteny evolved close to the origin of sib-mating and possibly haplodiploidy, but the transition to neoteny occurred separately from all other inbreeding dryocoetine and xyleborine beetles. The neotenic development of these males is the first known example in Coleoptera, and several remarkable morphological modifications demonstrate an ontogenetic transformation series from female to males of different species. We discuss possible scenarios for the evolution of neoteny, precocity and fighting characteristics in these male beetles, in the light of W. D. Hamilton{\textquoteright}s {\textquoteright}ideal biofacies{\textquoteright} of extreme inbreeding. (C) 2002 The Linnean Society of London.

}, keywords = {12s, co1, coleoptera, curculionidae, ef-1 alpha, haplodiploidy, ideal biofacies, Inbreeding, lineage, molecular phylogeny, scolytinae}, isbn = {0024-4066}, author = {Jordal, Bjarte H. and Beaver, R. A. and Normark, B. B. and Brian D. Farrell} } @article {591066, title = {Molecular and morphological phylogenetics of weevils (Coleoptera, Curculionoidea): Do niche shifts accompany diversification?}, journal = {Systematic Biology}, volume = {51}, number = {5}, year = {2002}, note = {

594YFTimes Cited:146Cited References Count:86

}, month = {Sep-Oct}, pages = {761-785}, abstract = {

The main goals of this study were to provide a robust phylogeny for the families of the superfamily Curculionoidea, to discover relationships and major natural groups within the family Curculionidae, and to clarify the evolution of larval habits and host-plant associations in weevils to analyze their role in weevil diversification. Phylogenetic relationships among the weevils (Curculionoidea) were inferred from analysis of nucleotide sequences of 18S ribosomal DNA (rDNA; 2, 000 bases) and 115 morphological characters of larval and adult stages. A worldwide sample of 100 species was compiled to maximize representation of weevil morphological and ecological diversity. All families and the main subfamilies of Curculionoidea were represented. The family Curculionidae sensu lato was represented by about 80 species in 30 "subfamilies" of traditional classifications. Phylogenetic reconstruction was accomplished by parsimony analysis of separate and combined molecular and morphological data matrices and Bayesian analysis of the molecular data; tree topology support was evaluated. Results of the combined analysis of 18S rDNA and morphological data indicate that monophyly of and relationships among each of the weevil families are well supported with the topology (( Nemonychidae, Anthribidae) (Belidae (Attelabidae (Caridae (Brentidae, Curculionidae))))). Within the clade Curculionidae sensu lato, the basal positions are occupied by mostly monocot-associated taxa with the primitive type of male genitalia followed by the Curculionidae sensu stricto, which is made up of groups with the derived type of male genitalia. High support values were found for the monophyly of some distinct curculionid groups such as Dryophthorinae (several tribes represented) and Platypodinae (Tesserocerini plus Platypodini), among others. However, the subfamilial relationships in Curculionidae are unresolved or weakly supported. The phylogeny estimate based on combined 18S rDNA and morphological data suggests that diversification in weevils was accompanied by niche shifts in host-plant associations and larval habits. Pronounced conservatism is evident in larval feeding habits, particularly in the host tissue consumed. Multiple shifts to use of angiosperms in Curculionoidea were identified, each time associated with increases in weevil diversity and subsequent shifts back to gymnosperms, particularly in the Curculionidae.

}, keywords = {18s rdna, beetles, characters, diversification, Evolution, genus, host associations, immature stages, larval habits, mitochondrial, Morphology, phylogenetics, platypodidae, sequences, southern-africa, Systematics, weevils}, isbn = {1063-5157}, author = {Marvaldi, Adriana E. and Sequeira, Andrea S. and O{\textquoteright}Brien, C. W. and Brian D. Farrell} } @article {591086, title = {The evolution of agriculture in beetles (Curculionidae : Scolytinae and Platypodinae)}, journal = {Evolution}, volume = {55}, number = {10}, year = {2001}, note = {

494WJTimes Cited:163Cited References Count:87

}, month = {Oct}, pages = {2011-2027}, abstract = {

Beetles in the weevil subfamilies Scolytinae and Platypodinae are unusual in that they burrow as adults inside trees for feeding and oviposition. Some of these beetles are known as ambrosia beetles for their obligate mutualisms with asexual fungi-known as ambrosia fungi-that are derived from plant pathogens in the ascomycete group known as the ophiostomatoid fungi. Other beetles in these subfamilies are known as bark beetles and are associated with free-living, pathogenic ophiostomatoid fungi that facilitate beetle attack of phloem of trees with resin defenses. Using DNA sequences from six genes, including both copies of the nuclear gene encoding enolase, we performed a molecular phylogenetic study of bark and ambrosia beetles across these two subfamilies to establish the rate and direction of changes in life histories and their consequences for diversification. The ambrosia beetle habits have evolved repeatedly and are unreversed. The subfamily Platypodinae is derived from within the Scolytinae, near the tribe Scolytini. Comparison of the molecular branch lengths of ambrosia beetles and ambrosia fungi reveals a strong correlation, which a fungal molecular clock suggests spans 60 to 21 million years. Bark beetles have shifted from ancestral association with conifers to angiosperms and back again several times. Each shift to angiosperms is associated with elevated diversity, whereas the reverse shifts to conifers are associated with lowered diversity. The unusual habit of adult burrowing likely facilitated the diversification of these beetle-fungus associations, enabling them to use the biomass-rich resource that trees represent and set the stage for at least one origin of eusociality.

}, keywords = {accelerated evolution, ambrosia, annotated checklist, bark beetles, coevolution, coleoptera, diversification, eusociality, fungi, haplodiploidy, host use, insect-plant interactions, phylogenetic analysis, platypodinae, scolytinae, sequences}, isbn = {0014-3820}, author = {Brian D. Farrell and Sequeira, Andrea S. and O{\textquoteright}Meara, Brian C. and Normark, B. B. and Chung, J. H. and Jordal, Bjarte H.} } @article {591091, title = {Evolutionary assembly of the milkweed fauna: Cytochrome oxidase I and the age of Tetraopes beetles}, journal = {Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution}, volume = {18}, number = {3}, year = {2001}, note = {

411XZTimes Cited:122Cited References Count:83

}, month = {Mar}, pages = {467-478}, abstract = {

The insects that feed on the related plant families Apocynaceae and Asclepiadaceae (here collectively termed "milkweeds") comprise a "component community" of highly specialized, distinctive lineages of species that frequently sequester toxic cardiac glycosides from their host plants for defense against predators and are thus often aposematic, advertising their consequent unpalatability. Such sets of specialized lineages provide opportunities for comparative studies of the rate of adaptation, diversification, and habitat-related effects on molecular evolution. The cerambycid genus Tetraopes is the most diverse of the new world milkweed herbivores and the species are generally host specific, being restricted to single, different species of Asclepias, more often so than most other milkweed insects. Previous work revealed correspondence between the phylogeny of these beetles and that of their hosts. The present study provides analyses of near-complete DNA sequences for Tetraopes and relatives that are used to establish a molecular clock and temporal framework for Tetraopes evolution with their milkweed hosts. (C) 2001 Academic Press.

}, keywords = {canary-islands, cardenolide content, danaus-plexippus lepidoptera, DNA sequence variation, layer chromatography profiles, lower miocene communities, mitochondrial-DNA, monarch butterflies, neotropical paleobotany, plant-determined variation}, isbn = {1055-7903}, author = {Brian D. Farrell} } @article {591081, title = {Evolutionary origins of Gondwanan interactions: How old are Araucaria beetle herbivores?}, journal = {Biological Journal of the Linnean Society}, volume = {74}, number = {4}, year = {2001}, note = {

514TJTimes Cited:56Cited References Count:144

}, month = {Dec}, pages = {459-474}, abstract = {

Studies of a variety of phenomena, ranging from rates of molecular substitution to rates of diversification, draw on estimates of geological age. Studies incorporating estimates of timing from fossils or other geological evidence are largely of relatively young, Tertiary divergences, to which older systems may provide useful comparisons. One apparently old assemblage comprises the beetle groups associated with the ancient genus Araucaria that share comparable, ostensibly Gondwanan distributions with their host. Our previous studies suggested a possibly Cretaceous age for Araucaria associations in bark beetles. However, the absence of confirmed bark beetle fossils earlier than the Tertiary has been taken as evidence of Cretaceous absence, and their confirmed phylogenetic position within the primitively angiosperm-feeding weevil family rules out pre-angiosperm, Jurassic origins. Nevertheless, an early shift from angiosperms to Araucaria seemed plausible in the light of Araucaria fossil history which spans the Mesozoic since the Jurassic. To resolve the phylogenetic affinities and to estimate divergence times of the Australian and South American bark beetle genera affiliated with Araucaria we analysed DNA sequences of nuclear and mitochondrial genes: protein coding elongation factor alpha, enolase and cytochrome oxidase I. The most parsimonious reconstruction of the host relationships of Tomicini from the combined dataset corroborates the ancestral association with the genus Araucaria of both South American and Australian Tomicini. Bayesian estimation of divergence times indicates that the divergence between the Australian and the South American Araucaria-feeding taxa occurred at the very latest in the Cretaceous/Paleocene border and that the age of the first Scolytinae-Araucaria association would then be during the later stages of the Late Cretaceous, while other known beetle/Araucaria associations are Jurassic. (C) 2001 The Linnean Society of London.

}, keywords = {accelerated evolution, age estimation, Australia, bark beetles, bayesian inference, biogeography, canary-islands, cytochrome oxidase i, DNA-sequences, elongation factor 1 alpha, endosymbiotic bacteria, enolase, gene-sequences, late cretaceous divergence, new-zealand, Phylogeny, South America, sp-nov, tomicini, weevils coleoptera}, isbn = {0024-4066}, author = {Sequeira, Andrea S. and Brian D. Farrell} } @article {591101, title = {Are flightless Galapaganus weevils older than the Galapagos Islands they inhabit?}, journal = {Heredity}, volume = {85}, number = {1}, year = {2000}, note = {

347PTTimes Cited:40Cited References Count:50

}, month = {Jul}, pages = {20-29}, abstract = {

The 15 species in the weevil genus Galapaganus Lanteri 1992 (Entiminae: Curculionidae: Coleoptera) are distributed on coastal Peru and Ecuador and include 10 flightless species endemic to the Galapagos islands. These beetles thus provide a promising system through which to investigate the patterns and processes of evolution on Darwin{\textquoteright}s archipelago. Sequences of the mtDNA locus encoding cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) were obtained from samples of seven species occurring in different ecological zones of the oldest south-eastern islands: San Cristobal, Espanola and Floreana, and the central island Santa Cruz. The single most parsimonious tree obtained shows two well-supported clades that correspond to the species groups previously defined by morphological characters. Based on a mtDNA clock calibrated for arthropods, the initial speciation separating the oldest species, G. galapagoensis (Linell) on the oldest island, San Cristobal, from the remaining species in the Galapagos occurred about 7.2 Ma. This estimate exceeds geological ages of the extant emerged islands, although it agrees well with molecular dating of endemic Galapagos iguanas, geckos and lizards. An apparent explanation for the disagreement between geological and molecular time-frames is that about 7 Ma there were emerged islands which subsequently disappeared under ocean waters. This hypothesis has gained support from the recent findings of Il-Myr-old submarine seamounts (sunken islands), south-east of the present location of the archipelago. Some species within the darwini group may have differentiated on the extant islands, 1-5 Ma.

}, keywords = {canary-islands, coleoptera, colonization, cytochrome oxidase i, cytochrome-oxidase, DNA sequences, Ecuador, Evolution, genus, island biogeography, mitochondrial-DNA sequences, progression rule, Speciation, taxon cycle, tenebrionidae}, isbn = {0018-067X}, author = {Sequeira, Andrea S. and Lanteri, Anal{\'\i}a A. and Scataglini, M. Amalia and Confalonieri, Viviana A. and Brian D. Farrell} } @article {591111, title = {Effects of specialization on genetic differentiation in sister species of bark beetles}, journal = {Heredity}, volume = {84}, number = {2}, year = {2000}, note = {

299JZTimes Cited:50Cited References Count:30

}, month = {Feb}, pages = {218-227}, abstract = {

We investigated the relative importance of resource use and geography on genetic differentiation in the sister-species pair of generalist and specialist bark beetles: Dendroctonus ponderosae and D. jeffreyi (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). In two regions, where the distributions of these species overlap, we collected specimens of the generalist from multiple host species and specimens of the specialist from its single host species. Using allozyme techniques, we uncovered genetic differentiation between generalist populations on different host species in the same region (one locus in each region). However, a much stronger pattern of differentiation was found between specialist populations in the two distantly separated regions (three loci). With mtDNA, we found no significant differentiation between regions in the specialist, or among host species in the generalist, although there was some differentiation between regions in the generalist (AMOVA, P \< 0.05). Overall, the generalist populations maintained approximately 10 times the genetic variation in mtDNA as the specialist populations, which suggests that the specialist either has generally smaller population sizes than the generalist, or has experienced a historical population bottleneck.

}, keywords = {dendroctonus, Gene Flow, genetic differentiation, phytophagous insects, pine, populations, specialization, Speciation}, isbn = {0018-067X}, author = {Kelley, Scott Theodore and Brian D. Farrell and Mitton, Jeffry B.} } @article {591096, title = {Evolutionary assembly of the conifer fauna: distinguishing ancient from recent associations in bark beetles}, journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society B-Biological Sciences}, volume = {267}, number = {1460}, year = {2000}, note = {

386WZTimes Cited:38Cited References Count:66

}, month = {Dec 7}, pages = {2359-2366}, abstract = {

Several shifts from ancestral conifer feeding to angiosperm feeding have been implicated in the unparalleled diversification of beetle species. The single largest angiosperm-feeding beetle clade occurs in the weevils, and comprises the family Curculionidae and relatives. Most authorities confidently place the bark beetles (Scolytidae) within this radiation of angiosperm feeders. However, some clues indicate that the association between conifers and some scolytids, particularly in the tribe Tomicini, is a very ancient one. For instance, several fragments of Gondwanaland (South America, New Caledonia, Australia and New Guinea) harbour endemic Tomicini specialized on members of the formerly widespread and abundant conifer family Araucariaceae. As a first step towards resolving this seeming paradox, we present a phylogenetic analysis of the beetle family Scolytidae with particularly intensive sampling of conifer-feeding Tomicini and allies. We sequenced and analysed elongation factor 1 alpha and nuclear rDNAs 18S and 28S for 45 taxa, using members of the weevil family Cossoninae as an out-group. Our results indicate that conifer feeding is the ancestral host association of scolytids, and that the most basal lineages of scolytids feed on Araucaria. If scolytids are indeed nested within a great angiosperm-feeding clade, as many authorities have held, then a reversion to conifer feeding in ancestral scolytids appears to have occurred in the Mesozoic, when Araucaria still formed a major component of the woody flora.

}, keywords = {amber, coevolution, coleoptera, cretaceous araucarian cones, curculionoidea, elongation factor 1 alpha, gene-sequences, long-distance dispersal, new-zealand flora, phylogenetic-relationships, plant-insect interactions, rdna, sp-nov, weevils}, isbn = {0962-8452}, author = {Sequeira, Andrea S. and Normark, B. B. and Brian D. Farrell} } @article {591116, title = {Evolutionary radiation of an inbreeding haplodiploid beetle lineage (Curculionidae, Scolytinae)}, journal = {Biological Journal of the Linnean Society}, volume = {71}, number = {3}, year = {2000}, note = {

373RWTimes Cited:40Cited References Count:76

}, month = {Nov}, pages = {483-499}, abstract = {

Haplodiploidy is a highly unusual genetic system that has arisen at least 17 times in animals of varying lifestyles, but most of these haplodiploid lineages remain relatively poorly known. In particular, the ecological and genetic circumstances under which haplodiploidy originates have been difficult to resolve. A recent molecular-phylogenetic study has resolved the phylogenetic position of the haplodiploid clade of scolytine beetles as the sister group of the genus Dryocoetes. Haplodiploid bark beetles are remarkable in that the entire clade of over 1300 species are apparently extreme (sib-mating) inbreeders, most of which cultivate fungi for food while some attack phloem, twigs or seeds. Here we present a much more detailed molecular-phylogenetic study of this clade. Using partial sequences of elongation factor 1-alpha and the mitochondrial small ribosomal subunit (12S), we reconstructed the phylogeny for 48 taxa within the haplodiploid clade, as well as two species of the diplodiploid sister genus Dryocoetes. Results indicate that the genus Ozopemon is the basal lineage of the haplodiploid clade. Since Ozopemon, Dryocoetes and other outgroups are phloem-feeding, this strongly suggest that haplodiploidy and inbreeding evolved in a phloem feeding ancestor. Following the divergence of Ozopemon there is a series of extremely short internodes near the base of the clade, suggesting a very rapid rate of diversification in early Miocene (based on fossil evidence and sequence divergence). Among the many substrates for breeding and food resources utilized within this species-rich clade, the cultivation of yeast-like ambrosia fungi in tunnels deep into the wood predominates (nearly 90\% of the species). The number of transitions to feeding on such fungi was few, possibly only one, and is perhaps an irreversible transition. The habit of feeding on fungi cultured in xylem makes it possible for the beetles to use a great variety of plant taxa. This extreme resource generalism, in conjunction with the colonization advantage conferred by haplodiploidy and inbreeding, may have promoted the rapid diversification of this clade. (C) 2000 The Linnean Society or London.

}, keywords = {12s, amber fossils, ambrosia beetles, annotated checklist, bark beetles, biology, coleoptera, diversification, dryocoetini, elongation factor 1-alpha, elongation factor-1-alpha, fungus feeding, inference, mitochondrial-DNA sequences, phylogenetic-relationships, Phylogeny, platypodidae, Speciation, xyleborini}, isbn = {0024-4066}, author = {Jordal, Bjarte H. and Normark, B. B. and Brian D. Farrell} } @article {591106, title = {Phylogeny and host specificity of Psoroptic mange mites (Acarina : psoroptidae) as indicated by TTS sequence data}, journal = {Journal of Medical Entomology}, volume = {37}, number = {6}, year = {2000}, note = {

380JTTimes Cited:8Cited References Count:29

}, month = {Nov}, pages = {791-796}, abstract = {

We used molecular phylogenetic techniques to study the systematic relationships and host specificity of Psoroptes mange mites, which are pests of numerous domestic and wild ungulates. Phylogenetic analysis of DNA sequence data from the internal transcribed spacer region 1 (ITS1) of nuclear ribosomal DNA indicated that populations of Psoroptes are not host specific. Furthermore, the currently used taxonomy of Psoroptes is not concordant with the phylogeny derived from ITS1. During the course of the study, we discovered apparent paralogous ITS sequences within individual mites as a result of varying polymerase chain reaction reaction conditions. This finding concords with other studies of ITS and suggests a cautious approach when interpreting data from ITS sequences. Host DNA contamination was also found to be a significant problem in data collection, and we report on the development of methods to overcome the problems of contamination in parasitic mites.

}, keywords = {antibody-responses, bighorn sheep, Deer, Evolution, internal transcriber spacer region, parasitism, Phylogeny, psoroptes, Rabbits}, isbn = {0022-2585}, author = {Ramey, Rob Roy and Kelley, Scott Theodore and Boyce, Walter Miles and Brian D. Farrell} } @article {691096, title = {Flowers and Insect Evolution}, journal = {Science}, volume = {283}, number = {5399}, year = {1999}, month = {January 8, 1999}, pages = {143}, author = {Brian D. Farrell} } @article {591131, title = {Host use evolution in Chrysochus milkweed beetles: evidence from behaviour, population genetics and phylogeny}, journal = {Molecular Ecology}, volume = {8}, number = {8}, year = {1999}, note = {

230NBTimes Cited:40Cited References Count:63

}, month = {Aug}, pages = {1297-1307}, abstract = {

In two sister species of leaf beetles with overlapping host associations, Chrysochus auratus and C. cobaltinus, we established diet breadth and food preference of local populations for evaluation together with genetic differentiation between populations. While C. auratus turned out to be monophagous on the same plant wherever we collected the beetles, the studied populations of C. cobaltinus fed on three different plant species in the field. Plant preference and ranking of the potential host plants significantly differed between these populations. The amount of genetic differentiation between populations was measured by a polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) assay of a 1300 bp mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequence. In addition, the dominant genotypes of all populations were sequenced. No genetic differentiation between the populations of C. auratus could be detected in the RFLP assay and sequence divergence was low (= 0.3\%). In C. cobaltinus, on the other hand, genetic differentiation between populations was high, revealing a lack of gene flow over a much smaller scale and a maximum of 1.3\% sequence divergence. C. cobaltinus thereby has the prerequisites for host race formation on different plants from the original host spectrum. Our sequence-based phylogeny estimate allows us to reconstruct historical diet evolution in Chrysochus Starting from an original association with Asclepiadaceae, the common ancestor of C. auratus and C. cobaltinus included Apocynaceae in its diet. The strict specialization on Apocynum and the loss of acceptance of Asclepiadaceae observed in C. auratus could have resulted from a process similar to that displayed by C. cobaltinus populations.

}, keywords = {apple maggot fly, chrysochus, chrysomelidae, differentiation, diversification, eurosta-solidaginis, genetic differentiation, host plant evolution, host plant preference, insect populations, mitochondrial-DNA, oviposition preference, specialization, swallowtail butterflies, trade-offs}, isbn = {0962-1083}, author = {Dobler, Susanne and Brian D. Farrell} } @article {591121, title = {Origin of a haplodiploid beetle lineage}, journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society B-Biological Sciences}, volume = {266}, number = {1435}, year = {1999}, note = {

263DZTimes Cited:77Cited References Count:47

}, month = {Nov 22}, pages = {2253-2259}, abstract = {

The beetle family Scolytidae includes several groups having regular sib-mating and extremely female-biased sex ratios. Two such groups are known to include haplodiploid species: (i) the tribe Xyleborini and (ii) Coccotrypes and related genera within the tribe Dryocoetini. Relationships of these groups have been controversial. We analysed elongation factor 1-alpha (852 bp) and cytochrome oxidase 1 (1179 bp) sequences for 40 species. The most-parsimonious trees imply a single origin of haplodiploidy uniting Xyleborini (approximately 1200 species) and sib-mating Dryocoetini (approximately 160 species). The sister-group of the haplodiploid clade is the outcrossing genus Dryocoetes. The controversial genus Premnobius is outside the haplodiploid clade. Most haplodiploid scolytids exploit novel resources, ambrosia fungi or seeds, but a few have the ancestral habit of feeding on phloem. Thus, scolytids provide the dearest example of W. D. Hamilton{\textquoteright}s scenario for the evolution of haplodiploidy (life under bark leading to inbreeding and hence to female-biased sex ratios through haplodiploidy) and now constitute a unique opportunity to study diplo-diploid and haplodiploid sister-lineages in a shared ancestral habitat. There is some evidence of sex determination by maternally inherited endosymbiotic bacteria, which may explain the consistency with which female-biased sex ratios and close inbreeding have been maintained.

}, keywords = {coleoptera, Evolution, haplodiploidy, hymenoptera, Inbreeding, phylogenetic analysis, platypodidae coleoptera, scolytidae, sequences, Sex Ratio, sib-mating}, isbn = {0962-8452}, author = {Normark, B. B. and Jordal, Bjarte H. and Brian D. Farrell} } @article {591126, title = {Phylogenetic analysis of resource use and specialization in Dendroctonus (Coleoptera : Scolytidae)}, journal = {Proceedings of a Workshop on Bark Beetle Genetics: Current Status of Research}, volume = {466}, year = {1999}, note = {

Bn75pTimes Cited:0Cited References Count:289Usda Forest Service General Technical Report Pacific Northwest

}, pages = {47-63}, abstract = {

In this paper, we provide a molecular phylogeny of the 19 species in the bark beetle genus Dendroctonus. These beetles collectively attack plant species in four different genera of the conifer family Pinaceae. Given substantial variation in diet breadth, in both the types and numbers of plant species utilized, we asked two general questions concerning the evolution of resource use in this group: 1) {\textquotedblleft}How conservative is the evolution of host use in these insects?{\textquotedblright} and 2) {\textquotedblleft}Does specialization tend to be derived (that is, a {\textquotedblleft}dead-end{\textquoteright}{\textquoteright})?{\textquotedblright}

}, keywords = {amplified polymorphic DNA, f-sp-pini, green leaf volatiles, hypothenemus-hampei coleoptera, ips-typographus col, mountain pine-beetle, north-american populations, pitch canker fungus, polymerase chain-reaction, ponderosae hopkins coleoptera}, isbn = {0363-6224}, author = {Kelley, Scott Theodore and Brian D. Farrell} } @inbook {691101, title = {Evolution of larval food preference in Lepidoptera}, booktitle = {Handbook of Zoology. Part 35. Insecta, Lepidoptera, Moths and Butterflies, Volume 1: Evolution, Systematics, and Biogeography}, year = {1998}, pages = {403-422}, publisher = {deGruyter}, organization = {deGruyter}, address = {Berlin}, author = {Powell, Jerry A. and Mitter, Charles and Brian D. Farrell}, editor = {Kristensen, N. P.} } @article {591146, title = {"Inordinate fondness" explained: Why are there so many beetles?}, journal = {Science}, volume = {281}, number = {5376}, year = {1998}, note = {

104KATimes Cited:384Cited References Count:40

}, month = {Jul 24}, pages = {555-559}, abstract = {

The phylogeny of the Phytophaga, the Largest and oldest radiation of herbivorous beetles, was reconstructed from 115 complete DNA sequences for the 18S nuclear ribosomal subunit and from 212 morphological characters. The results of these analyses were used to interpret the role of angiosperms in beetle diversification. Jurassic fossils represent basal Lineages that are still associated with conifers and cycads. Repeated origins of angiosperm-feeding beetle Lineages are associated with enhanced rates of beetle diversification, indicating a series of adaptive radiations. Collectively, these radiations represent nearly half of the species in the order Coleoptera and a similar proportion of herbivorous insect species.

}, keywords = {coleoptera, insect diversity, Morphology}, isbn = {0036-8075}, author = {Brian D. Farrell} } @article {591136, title = {Is specialization a dead end? The phylogeny of host use in Dendroctonus bark beetles (Scolytidae)}, journal = {Evolution}, volume = {52}, number = {6}, year = {1998}, note = {

157TATimes Cited:169Cited References Count:75

}, month = {Dec}, pages = {1731-1743}, abstract = {

Ecological explanations for the prevalence of resource specialists are abundant, whereas phylogenetic evidence on their origins is scarce. In this paper, we provide a molecular phylogenetic study of the 19 specialist or generalist species in the bark beetle genus Dendroctonus, which collectively attack species in four different genera in the conifer family Pinaceae. Given substantial variation in diet breadth, we asked two general questions concerning the evolution of resource use in this group. How conservative is the evolution of host use in these insects? Does specialization tend to be derived (i.e., a "dead end")?To answer these questions, we estimated the phylogeny of Dendroctonus using mitochondrial DNA sequences and mapped transitions in resource use on the resulting phylogeny estimate. The evolution of affiliations with Pinus and Picea hosts in Dendroctonus was conservative among beetle species (PTP test; P \< 0.012), but there was no significant correspondence between the phylogeny of these beetles and the phylogeny among their Pinaceae hosts (among genera, P = 0.28; among Pinus species, P = 0.82).Degree of specialization, as measured in the proportion of hosts used, was bimodally distributed with "generalist" species utilizing greater than or equal to 60\% of the congeneric hosts within their range and six specialist species utilizing less than or equal to 40\% of the available hosts. Among the generalists, we found a strong correlation between the number of hosts encountered and the number of hosts utilized (R = 0.97, P \< 0.0001), whereas there was no significant correlation among the specialists (R = 0.27, P = 0.59). The evolution of specialization in Dendroctonus proved highly labile-specialists arose from generalists at least six separate times (without reversal) all in derived positions, and closer examination of some specialists revealed instances where they appear to have lost particular host species from their diet. However, evidence from the ecological literature also suggests that several Dendroctonus generalists may have increased their range of host genera within the Pinaceae.

}, keywords = {adaptation, coevolution, coleoptera, cytochrome oxidase i, dendroctonus, ecological specialization, Evolution, genus ophraella, herbivorous insects, History, insect-plant interactions, larval performance, mitochondrial DNA, mitochondrial-DNA, molecular systematics, ophraella coleoptera, Phylogeny, phytophagous insects, trade-offs}, isbn = {0014-3820}, author = {Kelley, Scott Theodore and Brian D. Farrell} } @article {591141, title = {The timing of insect/plant diversification: might Tetraopes (Coleoptera : Cerambycidae) and Asclepias (Asclepiadaceae) have co-evolved?}, journal = {Biological Journal of the Linnean Society}, volume = {63}, number = {4}, year = {1998}, note = {

Zq106Times Cited:93Cited References Count:80

}, month = {Apr}, pages = {553-577}, abstract = {

Ehrlich and Raven{\textquoteright}s essay on coevolution has stimulated voluminous work on the mechanisms of insect/plant interaction, but few explicit tests of their model{\textquoteright}s prediction that the evolutionary success of entire insect and plant clades is governed by their putative reciprocal adaptations. This paper begins an inquiry into possible coevolutionary diversification for North American milkweeds of the genus Asclepias and one of their few major herbivores, the longhorn beetle genus Tetraopes, focusing first on the historical duration and continuity of the interaction. A phylogeny for Tetraopes and relatives, estimated from morphology and allozymes, shows evident similarity to a morphology based hostplant cladogram synthesized from the literature, though the significance of the correspondence under heuristic statistical tests depends on the treatment of one beetle species reported (without certainty) from multiple host species. Fossils and biogeography support the interpretation that cladogram correspondence reflects synchronous diversification of these two clades, hence opportunity for coevolution, rather than beetle {\textquoteright}host-tracking{\textquoteright} of previously-diversified plants. Cladogram correspondence is more evident at higher than at lower levels, as expected under Ehrlich and Raven{\textquoteright}s model. An apparent phylogenetic progression in the potency and location of milkweed cardenolides: seemingly related to species diversity of both Asclepias and Tetraopes subclades, provides further suggestive evidence for that model. The phylogeography of the Tetraopes/Asclepias assemblage suggests that extant species evolved largely in their current, often quite localized biomes, facilitating potential experimental tests for hypotheses of adaptation and counteradaptation and their importance to diversification. (C) 1998 The Linnean Society of London.

}, keywords = {california, cardenolide content, cardenolides, coevolution, danaus-plexippus lepidoptera, emetic potency, escalation, herbivores, layer chromatography profiles, lower miocene communities, monarch butterflies, neotropical paleobotany, Phylogeny, plant-animal interactions, plant-determined variation, red milkweed beetle}, isbn = {0024-4066}, author = {Brian D. Farrell and Mitter, Charles} } @article {591151, title = {Adaptive radiation in insects and plants - Time and opportunity}, journal = {American Zoologist}, volume = {34}, number = {1}, year = {1994}, note = {

Pl539Times Cited:30Cited References Count:44

}, pages = {57-69}, abstract = {

Insects and their hostplants represent the major part of terrestrial diversity, yet we are just beginning to understand why there are so very many species. By far the most influential model of insect/plant diversification has been Ehrlich and Raven{\textquoteright}s (1964) hypothesis of insect/plant coevolution. While the coevolution model was based on macroevolutionary patterns in plant defenses and hostplant affiliations, most of the subsequent work has been on its possible ecological and genetic mechanisms, with relatively little systematic scrutiny of the evolutionary patterns Ehrlich and Raven described. We explore the possible roles insect/plant interactions may play in the long-term evolution of insect and plant lineages, and review some of the evidence on whether or not insects and plants have exerted reciprocal influences on each other{\textquoteright}s diversification.Insects and plants have diversified over roughly the same time intervals, and many insect host-affiliations are evolutionarily conserved, thus reflecting long-term, phylogenetic history. Rather than accumulating herbivores at a rate proportional to their geographic area of distribution or biomass, some plant groups pose apparent chemical barriers to potential herbivore colonists, and seem accessible to relatively few insect lineages, possibly preadapted by use of chemically similar or related hostplants. Evolutionary innovations in plant defenses and in insect feeding habits seem to have spurred their respective adaptive radiations, thus ecological opportunity may influence long-term evolutionary success. The greater diversity of insects and plants in the tropics, compared to the temperate zone, probably reflects the greater age of tropical habitats as well as climatic barriers that limit successful invasion of the temperate zone to just those primitively tropical groups able to evolve strategies for both over-wintering and use of temperate resources. Though evidence is still sparse, successful invasion of the temperate zone may promote subsequent radiations of both insects and plants.We conclude that much of the available evidence from systematics is consistent with Ehrlich and Raven{\textquoteright}s suggestion that much of insect and plant diversification has been spurred by a series of ecological opportunities over evolutionary time.

}, keywords = {Behavior, coevolution, defense, diversification, evolutionary, latex}, isbn = {0003-1569}, author = {Brian D. Farrell and Mitter, Charles} } @article {691106, title = {Diversification of carnivorous parasitic insects: extraordinary radiation or specialized dead end?}, journal = {The American Naturalist}, volume = {142}, number = {5}, year = {1993}, note = {

references

}, pages = {737-754}, abstract = {

The spectacular diversity of insects has often been attributed to accelerated radiation of groups acquiring specialized trophic habits. In accord with this hypothesis, a previous study demonstrated consistently greater diversification in clades attacking higher plant\, as contrasted to their predaceous or saprophagous sister groups. Faster diversification of phytophagous insects could represent radiation in an unsaturated adaptive zone or result from the population fragmentation and diversifying selection imposed by ecological specialization per se. The latter effect underlies the hypothesis that rapid diversification characterizes "parasitic" insects in a broad sense including most phytophages, contrasting with the classical view of parasitic specialization as an evolutionary "dead end." To test these hypotheses, we catalogued the origins and effect on diversification of animal parasitism by insects. Of 15 carnivorous parasitic insect clades with estimated relationships, six were more diverse than their predaceous or saprophagous sister groups, and nine less diverse (Wilcoxon T = 28, P \< .LO). The parasitic lifestyle in the broad sense is by itself unlikely to be a dominant explanation of variable insect diversification rate, while the hypothesis that parasitism in the strict sense is an evolutionary dead end remains plausible. Carnivorous parasitism and phytophagy have significantly different effects on diversification. We found no evidence for ascribing either this difference or the heterogeneity of rates among carnivorous parasitic clades to clade age, mode of parasitism, diversity of host clade, or host specificity. Greater diversification by phytophages than by other trophic levels might reflect simply greater average abundance of the resource used by primary consumers.

}, keywords = {Animal, Animales, Animals, insecta, Parasite, Parasites, Parasitos}, isbn = {0003-0147}, author = {Wiegmann, Brian M. and Mitter, Charles and Brian D. Farrell} } @inbook {691111, title = {Phylogenetic determinants of insect/plant community diversity}, booktitle = {Species diversity in ecological communities: historical and geographical perspectives}, year = {1993}, note = {

Includes bibliographical references (p.365-404) and index.

}, pages = {253-266}, publisher = {University of Chicago Press}, organization = {University of Chicago Press}, address = {Chicago}, keywords = {Biogeography., Biotic communities., Species diversity.}, isbn = {0226718220022671823997802267182249780226718231}, author = {Brian D. Farrell and Mitter, Charles}, editor = {Ricklefs, Robert E. and Schluter, Dolph} } @article {591156, title = {Diversification at the Insect-Plant Interface}, journal = {Bioscience}, volume = {42}, number = {1}, year = {1992}, note = {

Gw635Times Cited:84Cited References Count:61

}, month = {Jan}, pages = {34-42}, keywords = {coevolution, defense, Evolution, specialization}, isbn = {0006-3568}, author = {Brian D. Farrell and Mitter, Charles and Douglas J. Futuyma} } @inbook {691121, title = {Macroevolutionary aspects of insect-plant relationships}, booktitle = {Insect-plant interactions}, number = {3}, year = {1991}, note = {(Elizabeth A.)Includes bibliographical references.}, pages = {35-78}, publisher = {CRC Press}, organization = {CRC Press}, address = {Boca Raton, Fla.}, keywords = {Insect pests., Insect-plant relationships.}, isbn = {08493412130849341221084934123X978084934121297808493412299780849341236}, author = {Mitter, Charles and Brian D. Farrell}, editor = {Bernays, E. A.} } @article {691116, title = {Phylogenetic studies of insect-plant interactions: Insights into the genesis of diversity}, journal = {Trends in Ecology and Evolution}, volume = {6}, number = {9}, year = {1991}, month = {Sep}, pages = {290-293}, abstract = {

Phylogenetic analyses (and related historical evidence) can be used to test hypotheses about the opportunity for coevolution among plants and insect herbivores, the role of plant chemistry in mediating host shifts, the reality of coevolutionary {\textquoteright}arms races{\textquoteright}, and the role of novel defensive or counterdefensive characteristics in enhancing rates of diversification. Recent analyses provide evidence on each of these hypotheses. The strong phylogenetic component in many insect-plant associations suggests that host shifts by insects are often strongly constrained, that insect diets may not be {\textquoteright}optimal{\textquoteright}, and that the trophic structure and species diversity of local communities strongly reflect evolutionary history.

}, keywords = {coevolution, Ecology}, isbn = {0169-5347}, author = {Mitter, Charles and Brian D. Farrell and Douglas J. Futuyma} } @article {591161, title = {Diversification - Patterns, rates, causes, and consequences - Symposium - Introduction}, journal = {Unity of Evolutionary Biology, Vols 1 and 2}, year = {1991}, note = {

Bw25vTimes Cited:0Cited References Count:0

}, pages = {207-209}, author = {Kohn, A. J. and Mitter, Charles and Brian D. Farrell} } @article {591166, title = {Escalation of plant defense - Do latex and resin canals spur plant diversification}, journal = {American Naturalist}, volume = {138}, number = {4}, year = {1991}, note = {

Gu659Times Cited:170Cited References Count:147

}, month = {Oct}, pages = {881-900}, abstract = {

Ehrlich and Raven{\textquoteright}s postulate that rapid diversification follows innovation in plant defense has often been invoked a posteriori for plant lineages of unusual diversity and chemical distinctiveness. The postulate can be more rigorously tested by defining a novel class of defense using chemical and/or anatomical criteria, independent of taxonomic lineage. If multiple plant lineages have evolved the new defense type, then according to the postulate they should be consistently more diverse than their sister groups (of equal age, by definition) when the latter retain the primitive defensive repertoire. Secretory canals are an independently defined, repeatedly evolved feature that functions to protect plants from herbivores and pathogens. The canals might therefore be expected to allow plant radiation in an adaptive zone of reduced herbivory and disease. We have quantified the evidence for this hypothesis by comparing the diversities of lineages that have independently evolved canal systems with their sister groups for as many plant lineages as current taxonomic evidence allows. A sign test showed that canal-bearing lineages have consistently higher diversities than their sister groups (P = .0021). Explanations for this result, other than selective advantage conferred by secretory canals, are examined and provisionally rejected.

}, keywords = {araceae, atta-cephalotes, coleoptera, cyclanthaceae, fine-structure, forest, hymenaea, laticifers, leaf resins, scolytidae}, isbn = {0003-0147}, author = {Brian D. Farrell and Dussourd, David E. and Mitter, Charles} } @article {691126, title = {Macroevolution of insect-plant antagonisms}, journal = {American Journal of Botany}, volume = {77}, number = {6}, year = {1990}, pages = {174}, type = {Abstract}, author = {Brian D. Farrell and Mitter, Charles} } @article {691131, title = {Phylogenesis of insect plant interactions - have phyllobrotica leaf beetles (Chrysomelidae) and the Lamiales diversified in parallel}, journal = {Evolution}, volume = {44}, number = {6}, year = {1990}, note = {

Em189Times Cited:119Cited References Count:104

}, month = {Sep}, pages = {1389-1403}, abstract = {

The relative importance of conservative versus locally adapted traits for species inter- actions is an increasingly common theme in evolutionary ecology. Obligate interactions such as those between parasites and hosts often exhibit such strong phylogenetic conservatism that current associations may reflect diversification in parallel. Parallel phylogenesis, documented for animal parasites, has been doubted for insect/plant interactions, but phylogenetic studies of highly specific insect/plant associations are very few. A comparison of phylogeny estimates for the strictly monophagous Phyllobrotica leaf beetles
and their lamialean hostplants shows nearly complete concordance, strongly supporting the hypothesis of parallel diversification. The cladogram concordance is significant or nearly so (consensus index values equalling or exceeding the critical value) under randomization distributions based on Adams (though not Nelson) consensus trees. The one clear exception shows unusual natural history, suggesting an isolated host transfer. Insect distributions and plant fossil ages are consistent with a mid-Tertiary age for both clades, further disfavoring the alternative hypothesis of entirely subsequent evolution. The dependence of both larval and adult beetles on the hostplants, larval endophagy, and possible dependence of beetles on toxic host compounds for defense against predators are suggested to underlie the evolutionary persistence of this interaction. Current host use in these beetles appears to reflect primarily the phylogeny of the interaction, strengthening the thesis that history can play a major role in structuring insect/plant relationships.

}, isbn = {0014-3820}, author = {Brian D. Farrell and Mitter, Charles} } @inbook {691141, title = {Leaf-beetle community structure in an Amazonian rainforest canopy.}, booktitle = {Biology of the Chrysomelidae}, series = {Series entomologica}, number = {42}, year = {1988}, pages = {73-90}, publisher = {Kluwer Academic Publisher}, organization = {Kluwer Academic Publisher}, address = {Dordrecht}, isbn = {9789061936558}, author = {Brian D. Farrell and Erwin, Terry L.}, editor = {Jolivet, P. and Petitpierre, E. and Hsiao, T. H.} } @article {691136, title = {The phylogenetic study of adaptive zones: Has phytophagy promoted insect diversification?}, journal = {The American Naturalist}, volume = {132}, number = {1}, year = {1988}, pages = {107-128}, abstract = {

Simpson{\textquoteright}s postulate that rapid diversification follows entrance into a new "adaptive zone" is frequently invoked a posteriori for groups of unusual diversity. The postulate can be tested more rigorously by defining an adaptive zone according to ecological criteria, independent of particular groups of organisms. The adaptive-zone hypothesis predicts that if multiple lineages have invaded a new adaptive zone, they should be consistently more diverse than their (equally old) sister groups, when the latter retain the more primitive way of life. Higher-plant feeding among insects is an independently defined, repeatedly invaded adaptive zone, to which a profound acceleration of diversification rate has been attributed. We have quantified the evidence for this hypothesis by comparing sister groups and species diversity of as many phytophagous insect groups as current taxonomic evidence allows. A sign test showed significant association of diversification rate with the adoption of phytophagy. The possible artifactual bases for this trend are discussed and provisionally rejected. We discuss several possible biological explanations for the association, including models of phylogenesis either dependent on or independent of ecological role.

}, isbn = {00030147}, author = {Mitter, Charles and Brian D. Farrell and Wiegmann, Brian M.} }